{"id":10416,"date":"2025-10-20T11:50:01","date_gmt":"2025-10-20T09:50:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/?p=10416"},"modified":"2025-10-20T11:50:01","modified_gmt":"2025-10-20T09:50:01","slug":"no-more-water-to-lose","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2025\/10\/20\/no-more-water-to-lose\/","title":{"rendered":"No More Water to Lose"},"content":{"rendered":"

Drought has become a structural condition for many parts of Italy: prolonged dry spells, rising temperatures, and shrinking water reserves all make this clear. Improving water management has therefore become a national priority and a \u201ccollective mission\u201d that must involve institutions, agriculture, industry, and citizens. We need climate-resilient infrastructure, more sustainable agricultural techniques and crops, less water-intensive industrial processes, and greater public awareness. Improving the network is not enough; we also need integrated governance and a comprehensive management strategy. Essential ingredients of such a plan include public investment, withdrawal fees that reflect water scarcity, and pricing that incorporates true environmental costs. Only through shared responsibility can we ensure fair and sustainable use of water\u2014today and in the future.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Drought is no longer an exceptional event: it has become a structural feature of our country. Both direct experience and numerous scientific findings confirm this. Rainfall patterns have changed, alternating between torrential downpours and long dry periods. Average temperatures are rising\u2014up 1.33\u00b0C compared with 1991\u20132020 levels, according to ISPRA\u2014and so too are the so-called \u201ctropical nights,\u201d when temperatures never fall below 20\u00b0C: in 2022, there were twenty-two more such nights than the 1991\u20132020 average. Added to this is the decline in water reserves, mainly due to the melting of Alpine glaciers, which have lost 35% of their surface area over the past thirty years (according to CNR glaciologist Renato Colucci). All these signs highlight the growing fragility of water resource management.<\/p>\n

Drought Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Italy sits at the heart of the Mediterranean\u2014one of the world\u2019s \u201chot spots\u201d of climate change, meaning an area where its effects are most evident and intense, as also noted in the 2024 European Climate Risk Assessment.<\/p>\n

To see this, it is enough to look at how conditions have evolved over the past three years, as summarized by ISPRA. The summer of 2022 was described as the driest ever in northern Italy, at least since measurements of the Po River\u2019s flow began. In 2023, despite some recovery compared with 2022, overall water availability remained 18.4% below the average of the past seventy years. The year 2024 was wetter, with rainfall exceeding the thirty-year average by over 10%, yet southern Italy and the major islands continued to experience very low precipitation\u2014and limited water availability for civil, industrial, and agricultural uses.<\/p>\n

And what about the summer of 2025? It is already shaping up\u2014by now almost by tradition\u2014as another period of water vulnerability. Snowfall, a vital spring and summer resource, is lacking: according to the CIMA Foundation, during the 2024\u20132025 season, national average snowfall was 27% below the thirty-year mean. As ISPRA\u2019s Drought Bulletin reports, several regions are already in difficulty at the start of the summer. Sicily, for example, with reservoirs struggling to meet essential and agricultural needs, remains in a state of \u201chigh water severity.\u201d<\/p>\n

The \u201cwater severity\u201d indicator helps to assess the seriousness of the situation: it measures the degree of water scarcity in a given area by comparing resource availability with demand and intended uses. When it is classified as \u201chigh,\u201d it means that permanent damage to the entire system is possible.<\/p>\n

Reservoirs in Calabria and Basilicata are also under strain. In Sardinia, reservoir levels are barely sufficient, but the outlook remains critical given the likely extension of the tourist season.<\/p>\n

Water Governance: Who Will Lead Us Through the New Challenges?<\/strong><\/h3>\n

The infrastructure system\u2014comprising dams, reservoirs, networks, canals, and treatment and purification plants\u2014has always been central to water management. It is even more crucial now, as increasing climate vulnerability puts infrastructures under greater stress and reveals the limits of an aging network. Designed for a different era, Italy\u2019s system struggles to meet new needs linked to unpredictable and ever more intense climate events.<\/p>\n

The National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) recognized this challenge, allocating about \u20ac4 billion for projects to reduce water losses and modernize plants. The subsequent National Plan for Securing the Water Supply (Pniissi) gathered funding requests totaling roughly \u20ac13.5 billion, and many experts agree that Italy would need to invest at least \u20ac5 billion per year over the next twenty years to renew its water infrastructure system.<\/p>\n

However, improving infrastructure alone is not enough. Water governance must also be strengthened and made more integrated. Today, water management in Italy is fragmented among several ministries and local authorities. Temporary coordination mechanisms\u2014such as the \u201cad hoc\u201d system established in 2023, with the appointment of a Special Commissioner for Drought and a national task force\u2014are useful for managing emergencies but lack the mandate and authority to define a long-term strategy. In many countries facing water scarcity, a \u201cMinistry of Water\u201d is already a reality. And since December 1, 2024, the European Union too has appointed a Commissioner for Environment, Water, and the Circular Economy.<\/p>\n

There are also signs of progress in Italy. For example, the national energy and water regulator, ARERA, has expanded its mandate beyond the \u201cintegrated water service\u201d\u2014that is, water management in cities and for civil use. It now requires farmers and industries to measure and report their withdrawals to help secure water availability. ARERA has also promoted the reuse of treated wastewater, stipulating that the cost of upgrading purification plants should be borne by the water bills paid by citizens. Moreover, utilities that expand wastewater reuse through agreements with local industries and farmers receive a financial reward.<\/p>\n

However, industries and farmers must also be willing to use treated water. Currently, they can withdraw directly from rivers and aquifers by paying negligible concession fees. These fees should therefore be updated\u2014today they are about one hundred times lower than those applied to drinking water\u2014especially considering that 75% of all water withdrawn in Italy is consumed by agriculture and industry (including electricity generation).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Who Pays: Users, Taxpayers, or Consumers?<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Improving our relationship with water use naturally requires citizen engagement. Yet a paradox emerges: the very high quality of service perceived by users seems to be the main barrier to improvement. Today, however, satisfaction with the water service can no longer stop at having clean, affordable tap water in our homes.<\/p>\n

We need more information and greater awareness, because increasing bills to improve water management and infrastructure is no easy task. In Italy, water is still often seen as an unlimited resource, available at some of the lowest costs in Europe.<\/p>\n

A 2024 survey by REF Ricerche, based on a representative sample of 1,000 Italians (\u201c2050: Water Management Exactly as We Want It\u201d), found that citizens who have experienced service disruptions are more willing to pay a bit more to improve water quality and reliability. Among those who rate the service as \u201cexcellent,\u201d however, 70% are unwilling to pay more. Overall, 30% of those who consider the service \u201cseriously inadequate\u201d would accept an increase of more than 5% in their water bill, compared with less than 10% among those who rate it \u201cexcellent.\u201d<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Even among those aware of climate-related risks\u201490% of the survey sample\u2014willingness to accept a substantial increase in water bills remains limited. Evidently, people believe that the effort should not fall solely on users, but must be shared collectively among all water stakeholders, including farmers and industries.<\/p>\n

How can this goal be achieved? The price paid by water users should reflect the costs of interventions needed to restore balance and ensure resource regeneration\u2014so that today\u2019s consumption does not become overexploitation that jeopardizes tomorrow\u2019s supply.<\/p>\n

This inevitably means accepting higher costs for the goods we consume. It means, for example, paying a bit more for fruits and vegetables grown with efficient irrigation or using reclaimed water; or spending slightly more on cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, or textiles whose prices include a share to finance treatment plants capable of filtering out micro-pollutants.<\/p>\n

But this approach must go hand in hand with public action: a structural program that makes the National Water Security Plan permanent\u2014commensurate with the environmental and social benefits it will bring, including for future generations.<\/p>\n

A Response That Must Come from Everyone<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Drought is no longer a seasonal or local issue: it is a challenge for the entire country, with cross-cutting consequences for the environment, agriculture, industry, and household consumption.<\/p>\n

To face this new reality effectively, all key players must share responsibility and contribute according to their role. Institutions must develop a long-term strategy, listening to all stakeholders and coordinating objectives and actions. Aqueduct networks, reservoirs, treatment and purification plants must become truly climate-resilient, able to adapt to increasingly variable and harsh conditions, and to strengthen the resilience of the territories they serve.<\/p>\n

Agriculture must modernize irrigation techniques, adapt crops to available water, and reduce its autonomous withdrawals in favor of a coordinated framework. Whenever possible, it should use reclaimed water for irrigation and accept pricing that reflects the costs of maintaining and regenerating water systems.<\/p>\n

The same applies to industry, which must share with consumers the responsibility for costs associated with removing pollutants\u2014such as microplastics and pharmaceutical residues\u2014from production processes that contaminate wastewater. Industry must also improve water-use efficiency, especially in high-demand sectors such as textiles and chemicals, and strengthen wastewater treatment to reduce river pollution and biodiversity loss.<\/p>\n

As for citizens, in their dual role as consumers and users, they too must become active agents of change. Only an informed population, aware of the water cycle\u2019s fragility, can generate real demand for change\u2014motivated to insist on more efficient and sustainable water use, and ready to play its part in making it happen.<\/p>\n

Institutions, agriculture, industry, and citizens must all contribute to this collective mission.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Donato Berardi is Head of Research on prices and tariffs and an expert in the regulation of public services, with a particular focus on water, environment, and energy. At REF Ricerche, he directs the Laboratory on Local Public Services.<\/em><\/p>\n

Michele Tettamanzi has worked at REF Ricerche since 2018 in the Prices and Tariffs area, conducting economic analysis and research with a particular focus on behavioral economics, including its applications to the water and waste management sectors.<\/em><\/p>\n

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