{"id":10444,"date":"2025-10-20T12:00:57","date_gmt":"2025-10-20T10:00:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/?p=10444"},"modified":"2025-10-20T12:00:57","modified_gmt":"2025-10-20T10:00:57","slug":"are-we-finally-ready-for-nuclear-power","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2025\/10\/20\/are-we-finally-ready-for-nuclear-power\/","title":{"rendered":"Are We Finally Ready for Nuclear Power?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Electricity generated from nuclear sources remains an important component of global and European energy supply. Innovations have reduced the risks associated with nuclear plants. Today, the focus is on small modular reactors that produce less waste, are easier to build, and are more acceptable to nearby communities. Nuclear energy is regaining attention because international tensions make it essential to secure a balanced energy mix. Moreover, electricity demand is rising just as it becomes imperative to reduce fossil fuel emissions. Renewables are of course part of the answer, but they are largely intermittent, whereas nuclear power provides a stable and continuous supply. What remains unclear is its cost, as nuclear decisions require long-term commitments. In Italy, the government plans to reintroduce a share of nuclear power between 2030 and 2050. So far, however, there has been no public or parliamentary debate to make this a broadly shared choice.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Our planet is bathed in an enormous abundance of nuclear energy \u2014 that which comes from the sun\u2019s rays. In attempting to imitate, control, and harness this form of energy, human research first focused on fission \u2014 the splitting of a heavy nucleus (usually uranium, but also plutonium) into two lighter ones, a process that releases energy. This path led first to military applications \u2014 the atomic bomb (A-bomb) in 1945 \u2014 and later to civilian use: the first nuclear power plants began operation worldwide in 1954 and in Italy in 1963.<\/p>\n<p>In the sun, by contrast, energy is released through the opposite process \u2014 fusion, in which two hydrogen nuclei combine into one. Here too, humanity sought to replicate the phenomenon, beginning research shortly after fission, but so far achieving results only in military form, with the hydrogen bomb (H-bomb). Civilian fusion for electricity generation remains a future prospect: research is intense, and industrial-scale results are expected within a few decades.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The First Eighty Years of Nuclear Power<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The history of civilian nuclear energy began in the early 1950s, when the first power plants were built based on designs developed by a small group of major companies, initially mostly American. Today, about 10% of the world\u2019s electricity comes from nuclear power; in Europe, the average is 24%, though the share varies widely by country \u2014 from 65% in France to zero in Italy and Austria.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-10427 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/10\/ranci_Eco-25-8_GRAFICI_eng-1024x777.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"486\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/10\/ranci_Eco-25-8_GRAFICI_eng-1024x777.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/10\/ranci_Eco-25-8_GRAFICI_eng-300x228.png 300w, https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/10\/ranci_Eco-25-8_GRAFICI_eng-768x583.png 768w, https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/10\/ranci_Eco-25-8_GRAFICI_eng-1536x1166.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/10\/ranci_Eco-25-8_GRAFICI_eng-600x455.png 600w, https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/10\/ranci_Eco-25-8_GRAFICI_eng.png 2008w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The chart, based on data from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) \u2014 the world\u2019s main body dealing with all forms of energy, not only nuclear \u2014 shows the installed nuclear capacity, expressed in gigawatts (millions of kilowatts). Nuclear energy production grew steadily in Europe and America between 1973 and 1986. The initial boost came from the 1973 oil crisis, triggered by supply disruptions during the war between Israel and Arab states, which exposed the dangerous dependence on hydrocarbons. Growth came to a halt in 1986, the year of the Chernobyl accident in the Soviet Union, which unleashed widespread public fear and opposition to nuclear power.<\/p>\n<p>Since then, expansion has occurred mainly in Asia, where rapid economic growth has driven soaring energy demand. In recent decades, technological models developed by Russia, China, and South Korea have become the most sought-after for new power plants.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Why Nuclear Is Back in Focus<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Today, even in the West, there is renewed demand for nuclear power, accompanied by a revival of interest in developing new, safer, and more efficient designs. Two main factors are driving this trend.<\/p>\n<p>The first is the surge in electricity demand, linked to the rapid advance of digital technologies \u2014 such as data centers and computing hubs, known for their heavy energy use \u2014 the spread of electric motors in countless applications like vehicles, and the growing use of heating and cooling systems such as heat pumps.<\/p>\n<p>The second factor is the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which drive global warming and are largely attributable \u2014 about three-quarters \u2014 to the energy sector.<\/p>\n<p>Today\u2019s economic system still relies heavily on fossil fuels \u2014 coal, oil, and gas \u2014 which together generate most of the world\u2019s electricity. To replace them, we are developing renewable sources such as wind and solar. However, these technologies provide intermittent production \u2014 varying by time of day and season, beyond human control and often hard to predict, especially in the case of wind. In this context, a constant and reliable supply, like that offered by nuclear power, becomes highly valuable.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Risks, Controls, and Fears<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Chernobyl still casts its shadow, and public fear of nuclear accidents remains strong \u2014 far beyond the actual risks this technology entails. In reality, in the history of industrial energy, the number of deaths linked to fossil fuels is vastly greater \u2014 due to mining, oil well and transport accidents on land and sea, as well as illnesses caused by soil, water, and air pollution \u2014 than those associated with nuclear energy, even relative to the amount of energy produced.<\/p>\n<p>That said, like any industry, nuclear power requires strict controls \u2014 and thus an efficient state administration. To this end, the IAEA assists governments in the safe management of nuclear plants, including during wartime, as it has done in Ukraine.<\/p>\n<p>Today, the greatest risks no longer concern European plants but rather those located in unstable countries, prone to civil conflict, where radioactive fuel might be intercepted and used for terrorist purposes. Proliferation is dangerous not only because of nuclear weapons but also because of the uncontrolled spread of industrial facilities.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>The Promise of Small Reactors<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>In part to overcome public skepticism, attention today has turned to a new generation of smaller reactors \u2014 about one-fifth the size of traditional plants \u2014 mass-produced (and thus cheaper) and assembled locally, which makes siting easier. These are known as small modular reactors (SMRs).<\/p>\n<p>Globally, SMRs under design are estimated to total about 25 gigawatts of capacity, and the first could come online by 2030. The International Energy Agency shares this view, as reflected in its recent report <em>The Path to a New Era for Nuclear Energy<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Third-generation plants are already available today, equipped with advanced safety systems that include materials-monitoring technologies capable of detecting even microscopic cracks previously undetectable, as well as automatic shutdown mechanisms in case of malfunction.<\/p>\n<p>Fourth-generation reactors, expected in the coming years, promise even higher safety standards and greater fuel efficiency: they will be able to burn uranium almost completely, minimizing the amount of radioactive waste to be disposed of. Moreover, they can use leftover waste from older plants \u2014 partially spent fuel \u2014 thus contributing to the reduction of existing stockpiles.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Nuclear Waste<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Aside from accidents, one of the most persistent sources of concern is the disposal of radioactive waste. Storage sites raise fears among nearby populations, and finding suitable locations is difficult. As a result, temporary solutions are often extended indefinitely. So far, the only permanent repository has been built in a small country, Finland, for its own plants.<\/p>\n<p>Radioactive waste remains hazardous for very long periods. Experts consider the risks manageable and well controlled, but the costs of building and maintaining storage facilities \u2014 designed to last many decades \u2014 remain high.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Italy\u2019s Story<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>What about Italy? The country was among the first to begin nuclear research, as early as 1946, with the creation of research centers and pilot plants. However, industrial rivalries and political divisions hampered development. As in most countries, the decision to pursue nuclear power rests with governments.<\/p>\n<p>When the 1973 oil crisis revealed the need to diversify energy sources, Italy tried to follow France\u2019s example, which was shifting toward a heavily nuclear-based system. At that time, Italy had three small plants and a large one under construction in Caorso, near Piacenza, and was planning more. Another plant, in Montalto di Castro (Maremma), was already two-thirds complete when, in November 1987, a referendum \u2014 held in the atmosphere of fear after Chernobyl \u2014 made public opposition to nuclear energy unmistakable. The government responded with a drastic decision: to shut down the operating plants and halt work on Montalto, redirecting national energy policy toward coal and gas.<\/p>\n<p>Twenty years later, another government tried to reopen the nuclear question but met strong resistance from environmental movements and several regional administrations. In June 2011, a new referendum reaffirmed rejection of nuclear power: with 57% voter turnout, 94% voted to repeal the law authorizing it. Once again, the vote took place amid public concern, stoked by the March 11, 2011, accident at Japan\u2019s Fukushima plant, struck by an unexpected tsunami.<\/p>\n<p>The issue was shelved again for nearly a decade. Any new decision to revive nuclear power in Italy would now require broad political and social consensus, since reversing course after a few years would entail very high costs. Investments are substantial and can only be justified if plants operate for a long time.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>The State of Play in 2025 \u2014 and a Look Ahead<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Meanwhile, nuclear power worldwide is experiencing a strong revival \u2014 with rising investment, major technological advances, and favorable policies adopted in more than 40 countries, according to a report by the International Energy Agency.<\/p>\n<p>Fear of accidents has also diminished in light of the evidence. Only the Chernobyl disaster \u2014 caused by gross negligence and mismanagement within a disintegrating Soviet system \u2014 resulted in a true tragedy: thirty immediate deaths and tens of thousands of later cancer cases likely linked to radiation. The Fukushima accident, by contrast, caused the death of one worker and injured sixteen others \u2014 due to the tsunami, not radiation exposure.<\/p>\n<p>If disaster fears are largely unfounded, the debate over costs remains open. It is far from certain that nuclear power is cheaper than its alternatives.<\/p>\n<p>Each country\u2019s decisions depend on building a balanced energy mix that ensures supply security and long-term price stability. This strategy is particularly valuable in a world of geopolitical crises that can disrupt supply and drive up fossil fuel prices, or shortages of raw materials \u2014 such as rare earths \u2014 essential for renewables and batteries.<\/p>\n<p>All energy sources carry risks, and a share of nuclear power can help spread them more evenly, though two key caveats remain.<\/p>\n<p>The first concerns costs: nuclear still faces major economic uncertainty and generally requires public support and incentives. These are decisions made today for benefits realized only in the long term: building a nuclear plant takes more than ten years, perhaps slightly less now. Fossil fuels, meanwhile, remain subject to sharp price swings.<\/p>\n<p>The second concerns technological evolution. On one hand, innovation could make nuclear cheaper; on the other, advances in battery storage might make renewables more reliable, reducing the need for nuclear altogether. Prudence, therefore, suggests diversifying risk.<\/p>\n<p>A crucial question remains: is a balanced energy mix sufficient at the European level, or must it also exist nationally? The European Union includes states with different energy sources, but mutual compensation remains limited by grid capacity and a lack of stronger political cohesion. Hence, a balanced mix is needed at both levels.<\/p>\n<p>Within this framework, the Italian government has decided to return to nuclear energy, planning a share of production to begin appearing by 2030 and cover between 10% and 20% of national demand by 2050. In September 2024, it established a consultation platform involving institutions, universities, and companies to assess safe technologies and design a regulatory framework. A draft enabling law is expected to be approved in 2025 and implemented by 2026.<\/p>\n<p>Parliament has yet to debate the issue in depth, but broad consensus will be essential, given the size of the investments involved and their long-term nature.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Pippo Ranci was Professor of Economic Policy at the Catholic University of Milan, President of the Energy Authority (now ARERA), and Director of the Florence School of Regulation at the European University Institute in Florence.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Electricity generated from nuclear sources remains an important component of global and European energy supply. Innovations have reduced the risks associated with nuclear plants. Today, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14597,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"coauthors":[373],"class_list":["post-10444","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-non-categorizzato"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Are We Finally Ready for Nuclear Power? - Rivista Eco<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2025\/10\/20\/are-we-finally-ready-for-nuclear-power\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Are We Finally Ready for Nuclear Power? - Rivista Eco\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Electricity generated from nuclear sources remains an important component of global and European energy supply. 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