{"id":12893,"date":"2026-04-21T16:21:39","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T14:21:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/?p=12893"},"modified":"2026-04-21T16:21:39","modified_gmt":"2026-04-21T14:21:39","slug":"cosima-buccoliero-without-space-prison-doesnt-work","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2026\/04\/21\/cosima-buccoliero-without-space-prison-doesnt-work\/","title":{"rendered":"Cosima Buccoliero: &#8220;Without Space, Prison Doesn\u2019t Work&#8221;"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Cosima Buccoliero is the director of the Monza remand prison. Previously, she served as director of the Lorusso and Cotugno remand prison in Turin, deputy director of the Opera prison in Milan\u2014the largest in Italy\u2014while also overseeing the Cesare Beccaria juvenile detention institute in Milan. She was deputy director and later director of the second prison facility in Milan Bollate. For Einaudi, she co-authored with Serena Uccello <em>Senza sbarre. Storia di un carcere aperto<\/em> (2022).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Overcrowding is a chronic scourge of the Italian prison system. The inmate population is growing at a pace that would require a new prison every two months, turning many facilities into saturated spaces where it is often impossible to guarantee services, activities, and reintegration pathways. Prison thus ends up consuming time without producing change. Cosima Buccoliero, director of the Monza remand prison and a deep expert on the penitentiary system, explains what it means to manage a facility \u201con the verge of collapse,\u201d and why overcrowding is not just a numerical problem but the root from which most other critical issues stem. Drawing on her daily experience in an overcrowded prison and on the successful model of Bollate, Buccoliero explains why a more open prison can work\u2014but only under one condition: that there be space, adequate facilities, and a real connection with the surrounding community.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dr. Buccoliero, I would like to start with prison overcrowding. According to the latest report by the Antigone Association, as of April 30, 2025, there were 62,445 inmates in Italy, compared to an official capacity of about 51,000 places, with an actual occupancy rate of 133%. You yourself have described Monza prison as \u201con the verge of collapse.\u201d What does that mean in concrete terms for day-to-day management?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Day-to-day management is deeply affected by overcrowding, especially when it comes to access to services. A prison is a complex organization that already struggles to get moving: it takes time for services to become effectively accessible. But when many people need the same services, the situation becomes critical. Take, for example, addiction services (SerD or SerT, public health facilities that provide free prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation for people with substance dependencies). If I have 450 people who need access, it is clear that waiting times will increase. Waiting lists become extremely long, and inmates\u2014understandably frustrated\u2014keep asking to be seen and to begin a therapeutic program. The paradox is that in Monza we mainly have medium-short sentences: many people have two or three years left to serve. The law allows access to alternative measures below certain thresholds, but the shorter the sentence, the harder it becomes to activate services. The time required often coincides with the end of the sentence. As a result, an entire period that could have been used for treatment or reintegration is completely lost.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>In your book <em>Senza sbarre<\/em>, you write that \u201cwe don\u2019t need new prisons, we need to take care of the prisons we already have.\u201d Why doesn\u2019t the infrastructure-based response to overcrowding\u2014building more prisons\u2014work?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Because we have dilapidated facilities that would require deep maintenance. In Monza, for example, we are closing and renovating one section at a time. They hadn\u2019t been refurbished since 1992, when the prison opened. Imagine a house that hasn\u2019t been renovated, painted, or repaired for thirty years. But here we are not talking about a private home, but a building intensively and collectively used by thousands of people over the years. Before building new prisons simply to increase the number of available places, we should make the existing ones dignified. In many cases, they would need to be temporarily closed to be properly renovated.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>And in the meantime, where should the inmates be transferred?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In the meantime, we should strongly promote non-custodial measures. But this is an area where we struggle a lot. For example, our inmates undergo many job interviews. We receive cooperatives, entrepreneurs, employers. But when it comes to signing a contract, they often back out.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>For what reasons?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>There are several reasons. First of all, the labor market has changed a lot: today it often operates through temporary work agencies, which struggle to engage with prisons. There is a lack of direct knowledge, of personal trust, and the collaborations we have had have not been particularly effective. On top of this, there are major issues related to the lack of housing and documents; many people do not have a residence permit. All this makes job placement extremely complex, and as a result many remain in prison. I am often asked: where do we put these people? It is a legitimate question. But these are problems that should be addressed while people are still in detention, because sooner or later they will be released.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>So in your view, does the solution to overcrowding necessarily involve greater use of alternatives to prison?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Yes, because many of those currently in prison would meet all the conditions to be outside. For example, for those with two years left to serve, the law already allows access to alternative measures\u2014if only the conditions existed to activate them. This period of detention could be used to support people toward regularization, or\u2014if that path is not pursued\u2014to initiate expulsion procedures. Keeping them in prison does not solve the problem.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>In your book, you also write that in cells there is no distinction between someone who stole a scooter and someone who committed murder. Is this also part of what suffocates the system?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Yes, and that is also why I am absolutely in favor of targeted decriminalization of certain offenses. For example, light drugs: on this I have no doubt.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>In Italy, overcrowding has long been addressed only from an infrastructure perspective. How much does the shortage of staff matter\u2014not only prison officers but also educators, psychologists, and other support roles?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>There is certainly a staffing shortage. But if community-based and alternative measures were truly used, it would be far less significant. People could stay outside, and instead of continuing to expand internal services\u2014with all that this entails\u2014we could strengthen local services. We know well how criminogenic prison can be: investing in external services would be much more effective.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>In recent years, public debate on security seems to have shifted toward an increasingly repressive approach. In about 40 months, the government has introduced dozens of new crimes, aggravating factors, and harsher penalties. From your perspective, what do you make of this policy direction?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>It is true that in recent months the government has introduced measures clearly oriented more toward repression than prevention. However, I think it is fair to say that this administration has simply continued a path that had already been underway for some time. For example, there is much discussion about the Caivano decree and the resulting increase in minors in detention, but when I joined the Beccaria juvenile institute in 2018, the direction we were taking was already clear. The main problem was\u2014and still is\u2014the gradual disappearance of community facilities for minors. Many have been closed, others have started refusing these youths, and there is a shortage of educators. In short, it was clear that within a few years there would be an increase in admissions to juvenile institutions. Harsher penalties have certainly contributed, but the key point is that for many years local resources have no longer been adequately supported. This is particularly serious considering that our juvenile prison system was once considered one of the best in the world, not only in theory but also in practice. It worked because there was a strong external support network.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>You write that \u201cif we accept the idea of coercion, we must be aware of the cost, and the cost is the creation of a violent world.\u201d From your perspective, does a more repressive approach make prisons more stable or more fragile?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>It makes them much more unstable, without a doubt. The entry into the penal system of people who, under a different legal framework, would probably never have entered increases internal instability. This affects the climate, behavior, and violence inside institutions, but it also has effects outside. It is a system that becomes charged with tension.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>On that note, episodes of violence inside prisons often make the headlines. Sometimes they are so serious that they lead the European Court of Human Rights to condemn the Italian prison system. Where should intervention focus: on the quality of facilities, on rules, or on staffing levels?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The first answer is always overcrowding. Keeping too many people in confined spaces, in cramped rooms with limited services, inevitably affects the internal climate and behavior, making them more aggressive. Then we need to strengthen activities: work, education, training. We try to do this every day, but we cannot meet all needs. In recent years, for example, many very young inmates have arrived, often under 25, and many of them do not speak Italian. The first need would be literacy courses, but not everyone can be included. We have had to create Italian language courses with volunteers, because services are insufficient.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Antigone Association also reports a serious shortage of cultural mediators: on average only 1.7 per 100 foreign inmates.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Yes, that is true. In the past, most arrivals were second-generation individuals who had already gone through a process in Italy. In recent years, however, we are seeing more and more people who were just passing through, who would have gone elsewhere had they not been stopped. For them, the role of the linguistic-cultural mediator is essential.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Moreover, foreign inmates\u2014over 30% of the total\u2014are more frequently subject to pre-trial detention and have less access to alternative measures. What practical consequences does this disparity have in prisons?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>It has very concrete effects. Sections are created with a high concentration of people from the same backgrounds\u2014not only geographically but also culturally. Almost pockets of segregation form, with very similar stories and issues: difficult migration journeys, passage through Libya, violence suffered along the way, inability to regularize their status, very strong family expectations. Many arrived here with the expectation of working and sending money home, and instead find themselves stuck in prison, with all the frustration that entails.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Returning to the internal climate, in your book you mention the ambiguity of the role assigned to prison police by law: on one hand surveillance and custody, on the other support in the rehabilitation process. What does this ambiguity entail, and how can it be resolved?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>It is an ambiguity that, in practice, is never resolved. Too much is expected from prison police compared to the training they receive. Staff are trained to be police officers, and they feel like police officers. Supporting a rehabilitation process requires cultural tools, specific skills, and the ability to observe and relate. When these competencies are lacking, it becomes difficult to truly participate in treatment, observation, and understanding of the inmate. It is an issue everyone is aware of, but it remains unresolved.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>But aren\u2019t there other professionals responsible for rehabilitation, such as educators and psychologists?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>If there were an adequate number of educators, the situation would be much more manageable. In reality, however, inmates interact daily mainly with prison police. Many cannot access rehabilitation activities and spend most of their time in their section. As a result, their main relationship is with police staff. This is not a problem in itself, but the educational support component required by law is missing.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Could a solution be to provide specific training for prison police in this area as well?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>We could act on two fronts. On the one hand, invest seriously in specialized training, with long and structured programs lasting one, two, or three years, as happens in other countries. On the other, significantly increase the number of rehabilitation staff: educators and psychologists directly employed by the administration, not just external contractors. This way, the prison section would no longer be solely the domain of prison police, but a shared space with educational professionals.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Let\u2019s talk about the Bollate prison. That experience has shown that an open-cell model with high inmate responsibility can significantly reduce recidivism. Can we therefore say that a more humane prison is also more effective in rehabilitation?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Without a doubt. However, this type of prison requires adequate structures and real opportunities. In Monza, for example, we have a major shortage of space for rehabilitation activities. Let me give you a concrete example: I was offered the creation of a virtual classroom for university students. It is an excellent idea, but there are very few university students\u2014perhaps five. Allocating a classroom exclusively to them would mean taking that space away from other courses, such as Italian literacy classes. It is always a complex choice. Then there is the issue of space for work. A prison where inmates are more responsible is certainly more effective, but this is only possible if the structure allows it. In Monza there is a unit inspired by the Bollate model: the \u201cLuce\u201d section, the former women\u2019s wing. It houses 106 inmates under an open regime, in a much more favorable spatial setting: rooms with living and sleeping areas, showers in the room, a gym on the floor, many activities, and less presence of prison police. But this model cannot be replicated in the central units. There we have three people per cell, one of whom sleeps on a cot, and there are no spaces for activities within the section. Inmates must access common areas in shifts. The fundamental condition, therefore, remains space.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Based on your experience, what role do work and education play in reducing recidivism?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>They play a fundamental role. First of all, because inmates do not spend their days in idleness, playing cards or brooding over what has happened. Some arrive having never worked even outside prison and begin their first job here. Some say: \u201cThis is my first payslip.\u201d Work and education allow them to begin building a different life project. Not long ago I spoke with an inmate who is about to earn a vocational diploma in carpentry, and for him it is a huge achievement. Another is attending a course by Cisco Systems and is extremely satisfied. These experiences help people understand that they can succeed.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Do you think the Bollate open-cell model is replicable, or does it require exceptional conditions?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>No, it does not require exceptional conditions. The Bollate model is replicable, though not identically everywhere. In all institutions it is possible to create small \u201cBollate models.\u201d However, two fundamental conditions are needed: space and collaboration with the outside world. Many of the activities we run are at zero cost and are only possible thanks to the involvement of the external community. In Lombardy this is very strong, but it is not the case everywhere.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Some say Bollate works because it hosts \u201cselected\u201d inmates. Is that an accurate interpretation?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Not entirely. I have often seen inmates who were not particularly rigorously selected adapt very well to an environment based on openness and responsibility. The environment matters enormously\u2014positive influence works. If you manage to reach a person through an interest, a commitment, by offering a perspective or hope, the response often comes regardless of the initial filter. There is, however, also the opposite case: for some people, a highly open environment is difficult to sustain. Living in an open space requires a certain level of maturity, because it means being in constant contact with others\u2014and not everyone is able to do so.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Unfortunately, the Antigone report points to a strong return to closed regimes: more than 55% of inmates are subject to restrictive conditions, with a sharp reduction in freedom of movement, access to activities, and time spent outside cells. This runs counter to the logic of the Bollate model. What effects does this produce?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The issue is this: in 2022, the Department of Prison Administration introduced a circular distinguishing between ordinary and advanced treatment regimes, introducing a progression system. In theory, a person enters a more closed regime and gradually gains access to greater freedom. From an ideological standpoint, this is not a flawed design, because it allows observation and gradual support. The problem is that overcrowding often makes it impossible to apply it properly. As a result, inmates who struggle to relate to others may be placed in more open regimes simply because there is space available there, while those who would be better suited remain in the ordinary regime. In short, decisions are not made based on individual needs, but on available space.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>So the root cause of all problems is once again overcrowding.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Absolutely. Let me give you just one example: as I mentioned, since December we have implemented a gradual closure of sections for renovation, reducing the number of inmates from 750 to 680. It felt like a completely different prison. In terms of atmosphere, management, and behavior, everything was different. We went through the Christmas period\u2014which is usually very difficult\u2014without particular issues. More space also means greater calm.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Greta Ardito is a journalist and editorial coordinator at eco. She has worked at Sky TG24 and Class CNBC and has contributed to lavoce.info, Wired Italia, Linkiesta, and Il Foglio.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cosima Buccoliero is the director of the Monza remand prison. Previously, she served as director of the Lorusso and Cotugno remand prison in Turin, deputy [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5738,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"coauthors":[39],"class_list":["post-12893","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-non-categorizzato"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Cosima Buccoliero: &quot;Without Space, Prison Doesn\u2019t Work&quot; - Rivista Eco<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2026\/04\/21\/cosima-buccoliero-without-space-prison-doesnt-work\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cosima Buccoliero: &quot;Without Space, Prison Doesn\u2019t Work&quot; - Rivista Eco\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Cosima Buccoliero is the director of the Monza remand prison. 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