{"id":3109,"date":"2024-06-26T17:44:29","date_gmt":"2024-06-26T15:44:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/?p=3109"},"modified":"2024-06-26T17:44:29","modified_gmt":"2024-06-26T15:44:29","slug":"what-italians-think-about-ai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/what-italians-think-about-ai\/","title":{"rendered":"What Italians think about AI"},"content":{"rendered":"

Everyone has heard about it, but few use it knowingly. Some fear its consequences in the job market. The relationship between Italians and artificial intelligence, for now, is certainly not one of unconditional trust. And mistrust intensifies when the question concerns government ability to regulate it.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Entrepreneurs, journalists, academics, politicians: everyone is talking about artificial intelligence. Amid fears and enthusiasm, the topic is at the centre of attention. But how much (and how) do Italians actually use AI? And, most importantly, what do they think about it?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

To try to answer this question, we used data from a recent survey conducted by Ipsos on a representative sample of the Italian population, carried out for the International Festival of Economics in Turin.<\/span><\/p>\n

AI in the lives of Italians<\/b><\/h3>\n

In the last two years, the adoption of artificial intelligence has seen significant growth, although still limited to a portion of the population. Despite 66% stating they have a good relationship with technology, fewer than two out of ten Italians say they use AI frequently during the day. Most respondents, in fact, say they rarely use this technology or do not use it at all.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

When interpreting these data, it is important to bear in mind how interaction with AI often occurs without users being aware of it. Machine translation services, music or film recommendations on streaming platforms, and spam filters in our email inbox are examples of applications often not associated with this technology. According to a survey by the Artificial Intelligence Observatory of the Politecnico di Milano, almost half of users are unable to recognise the presence of AI features in the products and services they use.<\/span><\/p>\n

Italians, on the other hand, are fairly familiar with generative AI services, such as OpenAI\u2019s ChatGPT or Google\u2019s Gemini. However, adoption struggles to take off. According to the survey, eight out of ten Italians know about these services, but only four have used them at least once, and fewer than two use them often. The overall data, however, hide significant demographic differences. Younger and more educated people generally report higher usage rates. For example, 32% of respondents from Generation Z (18-28 years) say they frequently use AI, compared to less than 5% of Boomers and Silent Generation (over 59 years). Similarly, 66% of graduates have used one of these services at least once, more than double compared to those without a high school diploma (30%).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In the workplace, it is managers and small business owners who use it most, with good percentages among students as well.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
Note: the survey is based on the question \u201cHave you ever used a Generative Artificial Intelligence service, such as OpenAI\u2019s ChatGPT?\u201d. Source: Ipsos.\u00a0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Trust in technology, but scepticism about practical applications<\/b><\/h3>\n

AI performance improves month by month, but how is trust in this technology evolving? Ipsos data suggest that our country has a good level of trust in artificial intelligence. Most respondents report high (39%) or medium (38%) levels of trust in AI, while fewer than one in five Italians (18%) say they are sceptical. The most trusting are Generation Z, students, business executives and graduates.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nevertheless, the prevailing opinion is that humans remain more trustworthy when performing various tasks, such as driving cars, making political decisions or selecting personnel. AI is considered more effective than humans in only two tasks among those presented: identifying particularly convenient purchases and finding the best route between two locations. Even in these cases, however, perhaps surprisingly, a sizeable minority of individuals still prefer human intelligence.<\/span><\/p>\n

When health is involved<\/b><\/h3>\n

An interesting case is health. Imagine that you are suffering from a serious illness and have to decide whether to undergo a delicate surgery or try an alternative therapy. You can rely on the biggest specialist in that medical field in Italy or on a specialised algorithm with access to all the latest medical literature. What would you choose? The Italians interviewed have no doubts: two out of three would rely on the human being, and less than 20% would let the algorithm decide (the remaining 15% do not know). Age only matters partially: among the young, one in four would rely on AI, while among the elderly one in seven.<\/span><\/p>\n

Are we to conclude that we are overly sceptical? Or are we right in believing that we are still smarter than AI? According to Stanford University\u2019s latest AI Index Report, machines have indeed outperformed humans in several tasks, such as image classification, written texts comprehension, and visual reasoning. However, for now, humans remain superior in many of the more complex tasks, such as advanced mathematics and planning tasks.<\/span><\/p>\n

It is clear that AI systems\u2019 ability will continue to improve in the future, but the evolution of trust is more uncertain. According to another Ipsos survey conducted on a global scale between 2022 and 2023, Italy reported the strongest increase (+24%) in the degree of concern towards AI-based products out of the 31 countries sampled.<\/span><\/p>\n

The human being remains the safest machine<\/b><\/p>\n

\"\"
Note: the survey is based on the question \u201cFor the following activities, do you trust humans or artificial intelligence more?\u201d. Source: Ipsos.\u00a0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Few economic benefits?<\/b><\/p>\n

Increasingly the political debate focuses on assessing the economic, social and ethical consequences of AI development. Some extol the \u201cgrand destinies and progressive hopes\u201d resulting from AI advances, while others warn that overly intelligent machines will pose even existential risks to humanity as a whole. In between, there is a range of more moderate positions, which often point out how uncertain the cost-benefit calculation of AI will be in the future.<\/span><\/p>\n

Survey results show that Italians\u2019 opinion on the subject is not unanimous. The development of AI will bring more risks than benefits for 45% of Italians, while 42% hold the opposite view, and 13% do not have a clear idea on the matter.<\/span><\/p>\n

However, a large majority (77%) believe that the danger of artificial intelligence depends on the uses humans will make of it rather than the technology itself.<\/span><\/p>\n

Respondents are quite sceptical about AI\u2019s potential for the Italian economy. The most widespread opinion (one in three people) is that its advances will bring advantages and disadvantages in equal measure. Overall one in four Italians believes this technology will have a negative impact on our country\u2019s economy.<\/span><\/p>\n

What will happen to work?<\/b><\/h3>\n

As with other technological innovations in history, there are particular concerns about the consequences of AI on the labour market. Most respondents believe that the jobs created by AI will be fewer than those it will make obsolete. Only three out of ten Italians are convinced that it will have a positive effect on employment. However, it is unclear whether this figure reflects a real concern or a generic fear. In fact, more than half of the respondents do not see artificial intelligence as a threat to their jobs. The perception of risk is reinforced among young people (Generation Z and Millennials) and those with medium levels of education. Among workers, highly skilled employees feel a higher risk, while small business owners feel less threatened.<\/span><\/p>\n

What does economic research say about this? After the recent AI boom, many studies have tried to empirically examine its effects on the labour market. Some preliminary studies suggest that it increases both productivity and work quality. For example, a recent Harvard Business School study conducted on a sample of consultants showed that using ChatGPT can improve workers\u2019 performance in various tasks. And the benefits may be greater for those with fewer skills.<\/span><\/p>\n

In any case, the impact of AI on the labour market will be broad and significant. According to a study by the International Monetary Fund, about 60% of occupations in advanced economies are exposed to the effects of AI: the figure justifies why some are already talking about a new industrial revolution.<\/span><\/p>\n

Who should decide the rules of the game?<\/b><\/h3>\n

There is much international debate about whether AI should be regulated, how to do it, and how far to go. For example, the open letter published in March 2023 by a group of scientists and tech personalities (including Elon Musk, Yoshua Bengio, and Daron Acemoglu), which proposed pausing the training of AI systems more powerful than GPT-4 for six months, has provoked much discussion. The reason? The fear that rapid developments in technology could lead to unpredictable and potentially harmful consequences, such as loss of control over AI, increased economic and social inequalities, and the possibility of malicious uses.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do Italians agree? Yes and no. More than half of the respondents believe that technological development cannot be restricted by government action. There is no lack of concern about uncontrolled development of AI, but there is little confidence that regulation proposed by national governments can be the solution. It is true that six out of ten Italians think that letting new technologies develop unchecked is dangerous for the fate of humanity. But, at the same time, only three out of ten believe that, if they wanted to, national governments would be able to regulate the activities of large multinational technology corporations.<\/span><\/p>\n

To manage the future developments of new technologies, most respondents trust companies and the market more (41%) compared to 21% who would prefer governments and politics to do it, and 38% who do not know.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

And if we ask the last two groups – those who are undecided and those who trust governments more – to which bodies they would entrust the control and supervision of new technologies\u2019 development, 30% would like a specialised international agency (such as the IAEA for nuclear energy) and 25% would entrust it to existing international organisations, such as the United Nations. Fewer than one in five (17%) would delegate supervision to individual national governments, indicating a widespread awareness of the need for international coordination on the issue. Individual initiatives by a government, such as Italy\u2019s recently announced AI bill, seem to be going against this preference.<\/span><\/p>\n

An interesting aspect is that responses on regulation do not seem to depend much on the political affiliation of respondents. Being right-wing or left-wing does not make much difference on the (low) confidence in the ability of politics to govern developments in artificial intelligence.<\/span><\/p>\n

In conclusion, Italians are familiar with artificial intelligence but use it little and trust it even less. While they fear some possible consequences, they are sceptical about the ability of governments to manage technological progress through regulation. AI is therefore likely to develop in a complex landscape, where it will be important to monitor and manage the evolution of trust in this technology to ensure its responsible adoption that brings benefits to society.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bio<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Giacomo Anastasia<\/strong> is a research assistant at the IGIER Bocconi centre and an incoming PhD student at Columbia University in New York. He collaborates with the scientific direction of the Turin International Festival of Economics.\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Tommaso Pellegrinetti<\/strong> is a research assistant at the IGIER Bocconi centre.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Sebastiano Scalco<\/strong> is a research assistant at the IGIER Bocconi centre and the Fondazione Ing. Rodolfo De Benedetti. Incoming PhD student at Uppsala University.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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