{"id":3117,"date":"2024-06-26T17:48:19","date_gmt":"2024-06-26T15:48:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/?p=3117"},"modified":"2024-06-26T17:48:19","modified_gmt":"2024-06-26T15:48:19","slug":"europe-trapped-on-innovation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/europe-trapped-on-innovation\/","title":{"rendered":"Europe trapped on innovation"},"content":{"rendered":"

The magnitude of investments and patents tell the same story: Europe lags behind the United States in cutting-edge research. It remains anchored to the development of technology mainly related to the automotive sector. Here\u2019s what to do to ensure that the next technological revolution takes place in the Old Continent.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

At the beginning of 2023, just over a year ago, ChatGPT burst onto the scene, becoming the first application to attract more than 100 million users in less than two months after its debut. Today everyone knows it, but only experts know that GPT stands for Generative Pre-Trained Transformer, a family of neural network models capable of creating human-like text and content. The arrival of ChatGPT has triggered a race towards ever more powerful models that generate increasingly convincing texts with artificial intelligence.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The AI field is completely dominated by US companies. In this race, Europe only participates with a small French company called Mistral, which looks like the classic dwarf among the US giants. How did this happen? Why has Europe fallen behind in high tech, and particularly in software?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

US dominance and Europe\u2019s backlog in innovation<\/b><\/h3>\n

It has long been known that innovation is lagging behind in Europe. Over a decade ago, the EU launched a (now forgotten) \u201cInnovation Union\u201d, and increasing research and development spending to 3% of GDP has been an official goal since the launch of the Lisbon Strategy in 2000. However, research spending in the EU remains around 2% of GDP, lower than in other major economies such as the United States, Japan and China.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

But governments (at the national and EU level) are not primarily responsible for the low investment in research and development. In 2020, public funding for research in the EU amounted to EUR 110 billion (mainly from nation states) and EUR 150 billion in the United States, representing a very similar percentage of GDP for both, around 0.7%, higher than in many other regions of the world.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The main reason why overall spending on research and development in Europe remains low falls largely on the private sector, which spends only 1.2% of GDP in the EU, compared to 2.3% in the US. And it is not only the amount of investment that is lower in Europe, the composition is also different.<\/span><\/p>\n

Specialisations and patents\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\n

The figures are striking. US-based companies spent over USD 500 billion on research and development in 2022, compared to less than USD 200 billion in the EU. The spending by US companies is equivalent to the GDP of Belgium or Sweden, while that of European companies lies between Portugal and Greece.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

However, the composition of investments is also different. In the United States, 85% of private investment in research and development goes into high-tech industries – mainly IT services and software, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology \u2013 totalling more than USD 400 billion. By contrast, in the EU, less than 100 billion goes to high-tech industries, while about half of the investment is directed towards medium-tech industries – in particular, automotive and components.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Similar differences can be found when looking at an indicator of research results, namely patents. More than half of all patents in high-tech sectors, such as ICT (information and communication technology), pharmaceuticals and biotechnology, are American. The European Union lags behind other major economies in patents in the key field of high technology. It dominates, however, in patents for automobile technologies (called mobility technologies), with almost 50% of the total. In other words, the data on patents reflect those on the specialisation of European research and development activity.<\/span><\/p>\n

Have we walked into a trap?<\/b><\/h3>\n

The table shows the top three private investors in research and development over the last 20 years, and the industry to which they belong, in the United States, the European Union and Japan.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In the US, Microsoft is the only company that appears more than once. By contrast, in the EU and Japan, Volkswagen, Mercedes and Toyota remain among the top three throughout the period, while Panasonic, Bosch and Honda appear at least twice. Curiously, even in the US two of the largest investors belonged to the automotive industry in 2003, but things have changed since then, and the software industry has become increasingly important, to the extent that in 2022, all three companies that spend the most on research and development were producing software.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The three private companies that invested the most in research and development in the US, EU and Japan in the last twenty years<\/b> \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

\"\"
Source: Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard (2004, 2013 and 2023).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The EU (and Japanese) industry has thus failed to make the leap to high-tech sectors. A similar picture emerges from patents. The European industry seems to be stuck in a \u201cmedium-tech trap\u201d not only in terms of innovation efforts, but also in terms of innovation results, as measured by the number of patents.<\/span><\/p>\n

How to get out of it: the example of US agencies<\/b><\/h3>\n

As we have seen, on both sides of the Atlantic, public support for research and development is similar in percentage terms to GDP. Too bad that the US GDP is about one and a half times that of the EU-27, so the amount the United States allocates to research is significantly higher than that of the European Union. Moreover, in the US 90% of research support comes from the federal government, while in Europe only 10% is funded by the EU budget.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

It is natural for governments to spend large sums on supporting research and development, because research generates new ideas that can benefit society as a whole. But this is not the goal of private companies, which only invest in research if they are sure to reap the benefits.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Public support for innovation is therefore necessary to finance basic research that can then be further developed by the private sector. Governments therefore have a particularly important role in promoting basic innovations.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In the United States, this is done through a system of agencies – the ARPAs – that promote advanced research projects of no immediate commercial interest.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The most famous of these agencies is DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), whose fundamental role in promoting high-tech development is widely recognised, even outside the strictly military sector, and includes innovations such as the internet. The agency was created in the late 1950s as a response to the \u201cSputnik shock\u201d, when the United States found itself lagging behind in space exploration compared to the Soviet model based precisely on state support for innovation.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

DARPA\u2019s success is largely due to the extremely competitive selection process of the projects it finances, entrusted to a team of nearly one hundred highly qualified managers who are themselves leading scientists or engineers. The model has been extended to other sectors so that today the US has agencies for advanced research projects in energy, health, infrastructure and even intelligence.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The success of the US approach has obviously not gone unnoticed in Europe. The European equivalent of DARPA should be the European Innovation Council (EIC), created in 2021 with the aim of supporting radical innovations. Calling it a \u201cCouncil\u201d is actually misleading as EIC essentially consists of three funding schemes under the EU science programme.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The EIC\u2019s total annual budget is about EUR 1 billion, only one-tenth of all EU spending on research and development, and far below US spending, which amounts to about USD 4 billion for DARPA alone.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The differences between the EIC and ARPA<\/b><\/p>\n

A direct comparison between the EIC and DARPA would be misleading because of a difference in the types of research funded. This is underlined by the very titles of the EIC\u2019s three main schemes: Pathfinder, Transition and Accelerator.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Pathfinder funds projects in their early stages, the so-called \u201cproof of principle\u201d. The Transition programme finances the transition from the proof of principle to industrial-scale application, to demonstrate the potential for commercial application; the Accelerator provides support to start-ups that want to bring these ideas to market.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The distinction between the different types of projects funded can best be explained using the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) indicator, described in Figure 2. The indicator ranges from 1 (basic principles observed) to 9 (actual systems proven in operational environment). US ARPAs generally reach level 3-4 at the most. Once projects reach sufficient readiness, they \u201cgraduate\u201d and leave the ARPAs with the expectation that the influx of private capital will make them grow. This is how, in the late 1960s, DARPA financed the development of a way to connect remote computers called ARPANET, used to connect important research centres and Pentagon sites. This is where today\u2019s global internet was born. But DARPA did not fund any projects to exploit ARPANE\u2019s commercial potential; the EIC\u2019s policy is different: it would have also funded the commercial exploitation of the new technology.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The EIC funding schemes by technological readiness levels of the project<\/b><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

In short, only a small part of the EIC scheme is comparable to the research that the US funds with its agencies. When it comes to figures, the annual budget dedicated by the EIC to pure research is around EUR 300 million, a tiny fraction compared to DARPA alone. Instead, about two-thirds of the annual budget (EUR 700 million) goes to the Accelerator programme, which finances commercial projects.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The EIC therefore has a double mission: to support radical disruptive innovation and to finance the growth of start-ups and SMEs, but its budget is insufficient in both cases.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The second crucial difference between the EIC and DARPA concerns the selection of projects and their management. Within the EIC, the selection process is still under political control. This differentiates it from DARPA and also conflicts with the best international standards of support for science. Additionally, the EIC does not have enough highly qualified project managers to oversee its many small projects.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Radical reforms are therefore needed to promote innovation in Europe. More funds should be dedicated to innovative research at an early stage and the European institutions should leave the selection process to qualified experts.<\/span><\/p>\n

More innovative ideas could help Europe break away from medium-technology sectors and lay the foundation for the next big technological revolution to take place in the Old Continent.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bio<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Daniel Gros<\/strong> is Director of the Institute for European Policymaking at Bocconi University. He is currently an adviser to the European Parliament.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The magnitude of investments and patents tell the same story: Europe lags behind the United States in cutting-edge research. It remains anchored to the development […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5740,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"coauthors":[26],"class_list":["post-3117","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-non-categorizzato"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nEurope trapped on innovation - Rivista Eco<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/europe-trapped-on-innovation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Europe trapped on innovation - Rivista Eco\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The magnitude of investments and patents tell the same story: Europe lags behind the United States in cutting-edge research. 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