{"id":3129,"date":"2024-06-26T18:00:08","date_gmt":"2024-06-26T16:00:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/?p=3129"},"modified":"2024-06-26T18:00:08","modified_gmt":"2024-06-26T16:00:08","slug":"the-denial-of-lgbtqi-rights","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/the-denial-of-lgbtqi-rights\/","title":{"rendered":"The Denial of LGBTQI+ Rights"},"content":{"rendered":"

Italy ranks among the lowest in Europe terms of protecting and recognising the rights of LGBTQI+ people. This extends to the workplace, where discrimination is rampant. While public opinion has set aside many prejudices, politics has not followed suit.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

A Population to Count<\/b><\/p>\n

When discussing the LGBTQI+ population, it refers to a minority based on sexual orientation different from the majority heterosexual orientation; gender identity that does not conform to the so-called binary system based on biological sex; and sexual characteristics that in some people include elements attributable to both male and female sexes, known as intersex. In a survey conducted by Istat in 2011, 2.4% of the resident population identified as homosexual or bisexual, while 77% identified as heterosexual, 15% preferred not to answer, and 5% indicated \u201cother\u201d without specifying. In 2023, a survey by Ipsos across thirty countries found that on average about 9% of the population identifies as LGBTQ+ (the survey did not include intersex status). Italy ranks exactly at the global average with 9%. A joint survey by the University of Verona and the University of Pavia with the Demetra polling institute found that in a representative sample of the Italian population (ages 18-65), 8% identified as LGBTQ+. The number of people who declare belonging to the LGBTQ+ minority is increasing and currently stands around 8-9%. However, it should be considered that, especially where social acceptance remains fragile, self-identification is often underestimated.]<\/span><\/p>\n

Does Italy Protect the Rights of LGBTQI+ People?<\/b><\/h3>\n

Italy ranks thirty-fifth out of forty-one countries in a recent ranking by Ilga Europe, which measures the degree of protection of fundamental rights for this minority based on current laws and public policies.<\/span><\/p>\n

A Minority with Few Rights<\/b><\/h3>\n

In Italy, LGBTQI+ people do not have access to marriage (only civil unions), are not protected against hate crimes, cannot adopt children or access techniques like assisted reproductive technology, and risk being treated as criminals if they go abroad for practices like surrogacy. They are often repudiated by friends or family, are victims of micro-aggressions and violence, fear expressing themselves freely in public, and, especially for trans people, are still pathologised and hindered in accessing medical and legal support services. A significant amount of scientific research documents the significant disparities suffered by the LGBTQI+ population in the medical field: young LGBTQI+ people are often victims of bullying at school and have high suicide rates, and many of them \u2013 especially trans and non-binary individuals \u2013 do not have access to adequate medical and health services, as evidenced by surveys conducted, for example, by the Trevor Project in the United States and the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights in Europe. Intersex people, besides still being subject to severe genital mutilation (currently in the European Union, only Malta, Portugal, Germany, Iceland, and Greece have adopted measures that prohibit these interventions on newborns), are still completely invisible in official statistics. Meanwhile, so-called conversion therapies, despite the total lack of scientific support, are still practiced in many countries, including Italy (Portugal has expressly banned them by law).<\/span><\/p>\n

An increasing number of studies have shown that due to legislative barriers, safety risks, and widespread discrimination, LGBTQI+ people are at risk of being economically marginalised and of paying the price for social exclusion not only in terms of physical and mental health but also in terms of citizenship deficits. While public opinion is becoming increasingly favourable, numerous studies have shown that homophobia, lesbophobia, biphobia, and transphobia are not only human rights violations that harm LGBTQI+ people but also have a high cost for businesses, economic growth, collective well-being, and democracy itself.<\/span><\/p>\n

More Discrimination, Lower Pay, and Lower Employment<\/b><\/h3>\n

Data and studies highlight an economically disadvantaged situation for most LGBTQI+ people. Many live in countries with little legislative protection (or even punitive contexts). Additionally, LGBTQI+ adults face discrimination in the job market and are paid less than their heterosexual and cisgender counterparts.<\/span><\/p>\n

Various studies have found that gay men earn on average less than heterosexual men, while lesbian women earn more than heterosexual women. However, the gender gap persists for all categories: women earn less than men regardless of their sexual orientation. Gender disparities lead female couples to have lower family incomes and be more exposed to the risk of poverty. Disparities between gay, lesbian, and heterosexual people are now estimated in most developed countries and have remained persistent over time.<\/span><\/p>\n

More recently, some studies have also indicated that bisexual p<\/span><\/p>\n

eople \u2013 both men and women \u2013 earn less than heterosexual people. Although bisexual people represent the largest group among the LGBTQI+ population, their very existence is often questioned or denied, causing stigmatisation dynamics and related mental health problems.<\/span><\/p>\n

Until a few years ago, there was no information about trans and non-binary people, but recent studies have shown lower employment rates and higher poverty rates than cisgender people. In particular, trans women and trans people belonging to minorities discriminated against for reasons related to skin colour are economically more at risk and in precarious conditions. A study based on data collected from the Dutch administration measured the economic situation of trans people before and after the transition: while trans women see their income decrease after the transition, probably due to the double penalty of being a woman and trans, the salary of trans men does not seem to change substantially.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

In addition to wage gaps, further evidence of discrimination against LGBTQI+ people comes from experimental studies based on the receipt of fictitious resumes sent to real job offers, varying only the indications of sexual orientation and gender without modifying other information such as education level or work experience. Internationally, data indicates that lesbian women, gay men, and trans people are less likely to be called for a job interview compared to heterosexual and cisgender people with the same resume.<\/span><\/p>\n

In Italy, a similar experiment conducted in Milan and Rome found a substantially lower probability for gay men to be called for an interview compared to heterosexual men, while the authors of the study found no disparity between women. A recent Istat survey on discrimination related to sexual orientation and gender identity in the workplace also showed that many LGBTQI+ people felt disadvantaged in the job market and were victims of repeated episodes of micro-aggressions: for example, almost all interviewees had been on the receiving end of offensive jokes or heard insults such as \u201cfaggot\u201d at work.<\/span><\/p>\n

What is the priority of LGBTQI+ issues compared to other important topics (economy, defense, etc.)?<\/b><\/p>\n

\"\"
Source: \u201cL\u2019opinione pubblica italiana e i diritti LGBT+\u201d report by Massimo Prearo, Pamela Pansardi, and Federico Trastulli.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

How Has Public Opinion Changed?<\/b><\/h3>\n

In recent decades, attitudes towards LGBTQI+ people have changed significantly. In the United States, for example, between 1996 and 2023, support for equal marriage \u2013 that is, between people of the same sex \u2013 increased from 27% to 71%. Similarly, the legalization of equal marriage has brought various economic and health benefits. Regarding attitudes towards trans people, public opinion is more polarised and varies depending on the context: while most individuals support trans people on issues related to work or their presence in the military, support for trans athletes and the right to use bathrooms in line with their gender identity is much lower. However, in the US more recently, political responses have emerged that look to the past: hundreds of legislative proposals have been presented in various states with the aim of limiting trans people’s access to healthcare services, making it difficult to change their gender on identity documents, and banning the teaching of LGBTQI+ related topics.<\/span><\/p>\n

In Italy, the report \u201cL\u2019opinione pubblica italiana e i diritti LGBT+\u201d highlights a multi-faceted situation. Firstly, an absolute majority of the population declares themselves in favour of recognising equal marriage. On the topic of adoption by same-sex couples, more than one in two people declare themselves in favour, whereas in 2011, Istat certified that not even one in four was in favour. Confirming a transformation in representations and conception of the family model, the report points out that more than half of the respondents consider rainbow families as full-fledged families, while only a little over a quarter consider a family only one founded by a man and a woman.<\/span><\/p>\n

What percentage of Italians declare themselves in favor of marriage, family, and adoption by same-sex couples?<\/b><\/p>\n

\"\"
Source: \u201cL\u2019opinione pubblica italiana e i diritti LGBT+\u201d report by Massimo Prearo, Pamela Pansardi, and Federico Trastulli.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Political Prioritisation of LGBTQI+ Issues<\/b><\/h3>\n

Italy’s low ranking in European classifications regarding the protection and recognition of LGBTQI+ rights is confirmed by the Italian government’s decision not to sign the European declaration on LGBTQI+ rights proposed on May 17, 2024, by the Belgian presidency of the Council of the European Union. The declaration aimed to commit member states to adopt national policies and strategies to combat discrimination and promote equality. The decision of the current government, led by Giorgia Meloni, is entirely consistent with the one expressed shortly after taking office not to follow up and implement the \u201cNational Strategy for LGBTQI+ Equality 2022-2025\u201d adopted in extremis and without funding by the Draghi government and based on the model of the \u201cEuropean Strategy for LGBTQI+ Equality\u201d proposed by the European Commission in 2020.<\/span><\/p>\n

Favorable opinion of LGBTQI+ people on the government’s actions in the fight against intolerance and prejudice (in percentage)<\/b><\/p>\n

\"\"
Source: European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bio<\/span><\/p>\n

Massimo Prearo is a political science researcher at the University of Verona, where he is also the scientific coordinator of the PoliTeSse Research Centre.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dario Sansone is a university lecturer in economics at the University of Exeter in the United Kingdom. He has worked as a consultant for various research institutes and international organizations.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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