{"id":3152,"date":"2024-06-26T18:20:01","date_gmt":"2024-06-26T16:20:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/?p=3152"},"modified":"2024-06-26T18:20:01","modified_gmt":"2024-06-26T16:20:01","slug":"how-much-does-an-olympics-cost","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/how-much-does-an-olympics-cost\/","title":{"rendered":"How much does an Olympics cost?"},"content":{"rendered":"

As the opening of the 2024 Olympic Games in Paris approaches, the question resurfaces: Is it worth hosting an Olympics? Despite a plethora of increasingly high organisation costs, delays and waste, some host cities have reaped significant benefits. In short, outright opposition to such major events may not be the best approach.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

The Olympic Games are extraordinarily expensive: the bill increases with each iteration with costs that exceed initial estimates, while the returns are less than expected. Above all, alongside the thrill of uncertainty regarding the winners of the sports competitions, comes the tedious certainty that it is the taxpayers who will be the losers. Does this commonly held belief correspond to reality? Not entirely: the positive effects of the Olympics are partly indirect and do not manifest immediately. Some benefits are intangible and therefore difficult to quantify. Moreover, it is not easy to distinguish between investments prompted by preparations for the sporting events and those that would have been necessary anyway.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Ever-Increasing Costs of the Olympics<\/b><\/h3>\n

There is no doubt that the financial effort required is monumental, as shown in the Figure below. Between 1964 and 2018, costs (expressed in 2018 constant dollars) rose from <\/span>$<\/span>1.2 billion (the average for Tokyo-Mexico-Munich) to <\/span>$<\/span>7.2 billion (the average for Beijing-London-Rio), with Montreal, Athens and London being particularly expensive Games.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

For the winter Olympics, the absolute values are lower – <\/span>$<\/b>210 million on average between Grenoble, Innsbruck, Sapporo and <\/span>$<\/b>3.5 billion for Turin, Vancouver, Sochi – but the growth rate is even higher. In Pyeongchang in 2018, all records were broken with a <\/span>$<\/b>15 billion bill. It is touching to think that in 1948, London managed with just \u20ac30 million in today\u2019s money.<\/span><\/p>\n

Summer Olympics<\/b><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Winter Olympics<\/b><\/p>\n

\"\"
Source: Flyvbjerg et al. (2021) and \u201cOne of the Hardest Feats at the Winter Olympics Is Calculating the Bill,\u201d Wall Street Journal, 19 February 2022.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Another constant that comes with hosting an Olympics is to exceed budget forecasts, on average by 172%. The last London Games demonstrates how costs can multiply within a few years. At the time of the bid in 2003, the estimated cost was \u00a34 billion; four years later, the revised estimate reached \u00a39.3 billion. Extending Rio\u2019s subway, as planned in the candidature file, cost $4 billion, compared to the $3 billion originally foreseen. Tokyo\u2019s bill rose by 130%.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The problem however, beyond the Olympics themselves, is mega-projects: Bent Flyvbjerg, an authority in this field and a professor at Oxford, has studied 16,000 of them and estimates that only 8.5% meet the initial cost and time forecasts, while only a pitiful 0.5% do so in terms of financial returns. There is a cognitive explanation – the \u201cbias\u201d that leads to over-optimism about the outcome of projects – and there is a political one – the manipulation of data, because the lower the initial estimates, the greater the public support. The French Court of Auditors today highlighted a lack of knowledge of the International Olympic Committee (IOC)\u2019s requirements and a lack of awareness of the complexity of their implementation.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Infrastructure cost overruns are often due to delays, which then provoke frantic activity as the competition date approaches, justifying the use of extraordinary tendering procedures. Competition among contractors is often insufficient, as shown by the international investigation into the role of Dentsu, the powerful Japanese advertising agency, in Tokyo 2020.<\/span><\/p>\n

Despite the confidence with which Montreal mayor Jean Drapeau claimed that \u201cThe Olympics can no more run a deficit than a man could have a baby\u201d, even when financial reporting seems to suggest a balanced or even positive operating result, the fiscal cost of subsidies is often omitted. More precise accounting changes the result: the New South Wales (Australia) Court of Auditors estimated that Sydney (2000) went over budget by $2.2 billion- and did not break even as reported by the organisers – partly due to the maintenance cost of the Olympic Stadium. However, it is simplistic to claim that organisational costs can bankrupt a country: even in the worst case – probably Athens in 2004 – \u20ac9 billion was not an exorbitant sum when expressed in terms of GDP.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The Economic Impact of the Olympics<\/b><\/h3>\n

What is the economic purpose of paying such a high price? The first one that comes to mind is GDP growth, and empirical research suggests that the Olympics have a positive influence. Without the 2004 Games, Greece\u2019s GDP would have been 2.5% lower, and 44,000 fewer workers would have been employed. For Rio, the Olympics mitigated the impact of the crisis that Brazil was experiencing during the investments years: without the Games, the city\u2019s GDP in 2016 would have regressed to 2007 levels; with the Games, the per capita value remained on the trajectory it had taken in 2012. These results are not surprising given the amount of money injected into the economic system.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Often, too much is expected in terms of tourism and employment. Sure, millions of spectators travel to the host country, but an equally large number of people may avoid visiting congested cities where hotel and restaurant prices skyrocket. Tourism is one of the sectors that generates the most jobs, yet in Salt Lake City in 2002 just 7,000 jobs were created, which evaporated the following year. In 2012, the Games created 48,000, but only a tenth were filled by people previously unemployed. Turin fared better, recording an increase in tourist flows, both in terms of visitors and overnight stays, five years after the event.<\/span><\/p>\n

The greatest benefits, however, are intangible. Studies published in prestigious journals show that bidding to host the Games signals a country\u2019s determination to liberalise its economy, with a consequent increase in trade, as well as in the number of companies listed on a foreign stock exchange.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

As for the subjective perception of well-being, Stefan Szymanski, co-author of the famous <\/span>Soccernomics<\/span><\/i>, believes that it increased in London in 2012, particularly during the opening and closing ceremonies, although the effect was short-lived. There are also private benefits: for local politicians, spending two weeks in the global spotlight increases the chances of a good election result, so much so that since 1992 all mayors in office during the Games have been re-elected.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Socio-environmental consequences<\/b><\/h3>\n

The Olympics can have significant social consequences. With the world’s attention on the host country, even repressive policies designed to hide sensitive areas can become legitimised. Above and beyond the homeless and slum-dwellers, those who suffer expropriation of their homes to make way for sports facilities have a hard time. Over a thousand London families were victims of one of the largest compulsory purchase orders in history. In some cases, public policies seem to pursue inconsistent objectives and exacerbate spatial segregation. In Rio, more was invested in Barra da Tijuca, one of the most exclusive areas of the Cidade Maravilhosa, than in Deodoro, a peripheral neighbourhood where the Parque Ol\u00edmpico was built. Gentrification also expels the creative class: in Hackney Wick, an area of London that had become a haven for artists seeking affordable housing, rents doubled, and the human fauna transformed accordingly. To allow tight control over events planned on the Seine, Paris decided to close the stalls of the <\/span>bouquinistes<\/span><\/i>, the riverside booksellers who sell antique and second-hand books. In Turin, on the other hand, the Olympics reduced the gap between property prices in the centre and the suburbs.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Faced with the challenge of limiting the rise in Earth\u2019s temperature, the use of artificial snow is concerning: levels reached 80% in Sochi, 90% in Pyeongchang and 100% in 2022, when the ski races were held closer to the Gobi Desert than to Beijing. But the link between climate and Olympics runs both ways. In summer 2088, only 25 cities in the Northern Hemisphere with more than 600,000 inhabitants will be able to host sporting events without endangering the health of the participants. Of the 21 cities that have hosted the Winter Games, only 13 will have sufficiently low temperatures to do so again in 2050 under even the most optimistic greenhouse gas emissions scenario.<\/span><\/p>\n

The legacy of the Games<\/b><\/h3>\n

\u201c<\/span>No white elephants<\/span><\/i>\u201d, i.e. no imposing projects of little use, was the clear directive from London\u2019s leaders in 2005 to Populous, the firm commissioned to redevelop Stratford. And the result was positive. In an area where the imperial industrial elite used to gather during the Victorian era, subsequent decline has been reversed, and it now hosts Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. Today, ducks strolling by the river keep company with start-up entrepreneurs as they admire Anish Kapoor\u2019s ArcelorMittal Orbit. The Olympic Stadium, once it was reduced from 80,000 to 25,000 seats, became the home of West Ham United.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Elsewhere things have been less successful. There are plenty of \u201cwhite elephants\u201d near the Acropolis, the Cesana bobsleigh track built for Turin 2006 met a grim fate, and Rio in 2016 did not do much better; just think of the algae in the Olympic pool. On the other hand, the golf course in a caiman-infested area has been revived thanks to the determination of a private investor attentive to environmental and social sustainability.<\/span><\/p>\n

Good organisation<\/b><\/h3>\n

In 1984, when for the first and only time the organisation (except security) was assigned to a private entity, Los Angeles did not have to build any sports facilities, and the surplus was $232 million, against expenses amounting to $469 million. However, Angelenos indicated in a referendum that not a single dollar should go to cover Olympic expenses.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The second case of a well-organised Olympics, regardless of the operating result (breaking even, even though the municipality\u2019s debt exploded), is Barcelona. Building activities for new facilities were minimal, with the real highlight being the infrastructure, all consistent with Oriol Bohigas\u2019 urban plan adopted in 1979. The priority given to semi-peripheral areas, which greatly benefited from the construction of the new ring road, opened the city towards the sea, resulting in a giant leap forward in terms of reputation and attractiveness.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Some infrastructural projects are already a necessity and long overdue for various reasons, making them harder to evaluate in the context of analysing the legacy left by the Games.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The Centennial Olympic Park became the nerve centre of Atlanta, while the new Metro North line was built with federal funding. Even in Rio there were positive investments, such as the redevelopment of the once vice-ridden port area into Porto Maravilha. In Beijing 2008, where there were no existing traces of NIMBYism (not in my backyard syndrome), Olympic funds were used to build, among other infrastructures, the world\u2019s largest airport (before an even larger one was inaugurated, naturally still in Beijing).<\/span><\/p>\n

The Olympics are a complex event requiring a far from insignificant amount of public investment. Even if costs are partly covered by the International Olympic Committee, they can leave a burden on public finances. However, there is nothing inevitable about the associated rising costs or corruption. Much depends on the quality of the institutions and compliance with the rules. It is also hard to deny that hosting the Games is a unique opportunity to enhance a host city\u2019s reputation within a broader strategy of innovation, sustainability and quality of life.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

To definitively answer whether it is worth organising an Olympics, we must consider what would have happened otherwise: how much would those funds have yielded if they had been used differently? Furthermore, a cost-benefit analysis that considers environmental impacts and the opportunity cost of capital using the social discount rate could reveal complex legacy effects. For example, the success of the Games in positioning a city as a global tourist destination also leads to an explosion of short-term rentals, impacting the housing market and penalising students and young people.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

But there is no doubt that to oppose major works and events without ifs and buts would be foolish.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bio<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Andrea Goldstein is an economist and founding member of Fondazione M&M Idee per un Paese migliore. He is the author of \u201cQuando l\u2019importante \u00e8 vincere. Politica ed economia delle Olimpiadi\u201d (il Mulino, 2024) and \u201cIl potere del pallone. Economia e politica del calcio globale\u201d (Il Mulino, 2022).\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

As the opening of the 2024 Olympic Games in Paris approaches, the question resurfaces: Is it worth hosting an Olympics? Despite a plethora of increasingly […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7104,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"coauthors":[86],"class_list":["post-3152","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-non-categorizzato"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHow much does an Olympics cost? - Rivista Eco<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/how-much-does-an-olympics-cost\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How much does an Olympics cost? - Rivista Eco\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"As the opening of the 2024 Olympic Games in Paris approaches, the question resurfaces: Is it worth hosting an Olympics? Despite a plethora of increasingly […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/how-much-does-an-olympics-cost\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Rivista Eco\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-06-26T16:20:01+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/06\/Goldstein_1-1-1024x569.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Andrea Goldstein\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Andrea Goldstein\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"12 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/en\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/26\\\/how-much-does-an-olympics-cost\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/en\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/26\\\/how-much-does-an-olympics-cost\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Andrea Goldstein\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/bb9b13543259571b29051dddf98dbdd8\"},\"headline\":\"How much does an Olympics cost?\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-06-26T16:20:01+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/en\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/26\\\/how-much-does-an-olympics-cost\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1977,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/en\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/26\\\/how-much-does-an-olympics-cost\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/2\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/Goldstein_1-1-1024x569.png\",\"articleSection\":[\"Non categorizzato\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/en\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/26\\\/how-much-does-an-olympics-cost\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/en\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/26\\\/how-much-does-an-olympics-cost\\\/\",\"name\":\"How much does an Olympics cost? - Rivista Eco\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/en\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/26\\\/how-much-does-an-olympics-cost\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/en\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/26\\\/how-much-does-an-olympics-cost\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/2\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/Goldstein_1-1-1024x569.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-06-26T16:20:01+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/bb9b13543259571b29051dddf98dbdd8\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/en\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/26\\\/how-much-does-an-olympics-cost\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/en\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/26\\\/how-much-does-an-olympics-cost\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/en\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/26\\\/how-much-does-an-olympics-cost\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/2\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/Goldstein_1-1-1024x569.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/2\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/Goldstein_1-1-1024x569.png\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/en\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/26\\\/how-much-does-an-olympics-cost\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/en\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"How much does an Olympics cost?\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"Rivista Eco\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/bb9b13543259571b29051dddf98dbdd8\",\"name\":\"Andrea Goldstein\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/7a50fb64b6bfd33bfb310eaf9b48b7e48e0d8e425b0f8de96621254b13481ad4?s=96&d=mm&r=g7d24b1f11b306e88145a2ae5a1886c6f\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/7a50fb64b6bfd33bfb310eaf9b48b7e48e0d8e425b0f8de96621254b13481ad4?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/7a50fb64b6bfd33bfb310eaf9b48b7e48e0d8e425b0f8de96621254b13481ad4?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Andrea Goldstein\"},\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/en\\\/author\\\/agoldstein\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"How much does an Olympics cost? - Rivista Eco","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/how-much-does-an-olympics-cost\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"How much does an Olympics cost? - Rivista Eco","og_description":"As the opening of the 2024 Olympic Games in Paris approaches, the question resurfaces: Is it worth hosting an Olympics? Despite a plethora of increasingly […]","og_url":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/how-much-does-an-olympics-cost\/","og_site_name":"Rivista Eco","article_published_time":"2024-06-26T16:20:01+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/06\/Goldstein_1-1-1024x569.png","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"author":"Andrea Goldstein","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Andrea Goldstein","Est. reading time":"12 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/how-much-does-an-olympics-cost\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/how-much-does-an-olympics-cost\/"},"author":{"name":"Andrea Goldstein","@id":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/#\/schema\/person\/bb9b13543259571b29051dddf98dbdd8"},"headline":"How much does an Olympics cost?","datePublished":"2024-06-26T16:20:01+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/how-much-does-an-olympics-cost\/"},"wordCount":1977,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/how-much-does-an-olympics-cost\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/06\/Goldstein_1-1-1024x569.png","articleSection":["Non categorizzato"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/how-much-does-an-olympics-cost\/","url":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/how-much-does-an-olympics-cost\/","name":"How much does an Olympics cost? - Rivista Eco","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/how-much-does-an-olympics-cost\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/how-much-does-an-olympics-cost\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/06\/Goldstein_1-1-1024x569.png","datePublished":"2024-06-26T16:20:01+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/#\/schema\/person\/bb9b13543259571b29051dddf98dbdd8"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/how-much-does-an-olympics-cost\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/how-much-does-an-olympics-cost\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/how-much-does-an-olympics-cost\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/06\/Goldstein_1-1-1024x569.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/06\/Goldstein_1-1-1024x569.png"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/how-much-does-an-olympics-cost\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"http:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"How much does an Olympics cost?"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/","name":"Rivista Eco","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/#\/schema\/person\/bb9b13543259571b29051dddf98dbdd8","name":"Andrea Goldstein","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/7a50fb64b6bfd33bfb310eaf9b48b7e48e0d8e425b0f8de96621254b13481ad4?s=96&d=mm&r=g7d24b1f11b306e88145a2ae5a1886c6f","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/7a50fb64b6bfd33bfb310eaf9b48b7e48e0d8e425b0f8de96621254b13481ad4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/7a50fb64b6bfd33bfb310eaf9b48b7e48e0d8e425b0f8de96621254b13481ad4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Andrea Goldstein"},"url":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/author\/agoldstein\/"}]}},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3152","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7104"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3152"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3152\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3157,"href":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3152\/revisions\/3157"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3152"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3152"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3152"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=3152"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}