{"id":3158,"date":"2024-06-26T18:29:21","date_gmt":"2024-06-26T16:29:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/?p=3158"},"modified":"2024-06-26T18:29:21","modified_gmt":"2024-06-26T16:29:21","slug":"citizenship-means-integration","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/citizenship-means-integration\/","title":{"rendered":"Citizenship means integration"},"content":{"rendered":"

Simplifying and speeding up the process for migrants to obtain citizenship in their country of residence promotes not only economic, but also political and social integration. Perhaps the time has also come for Italy to consider a change, at least for second generations born in Italy.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

For years, Italy has debated the reform of citizenship rules. After heated debates <\/span>on ius soli<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>ius sanguinis<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>ius scholae<\/span><\/i> and <\/span>ius culturae<\/span><\/i> and a bill passed in the Chamber of Deputies in 2018 (but not in the Senate), the status quo prevailed: a 1992 law and a system based on the principle of <\/span>ius sanguinis<\/span><\/i>, according to which Italian citizenship is passed from parents to children. Children of foreign citizens born in Italy can apply for Italian citizenship upon turning eighteen. Meanwhile immigrants from non-EU countries need ten years of regular and uninterrupted residence, which is reduced to four if they are citizens of another EU country.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

With the missed reform, foreigners born in Italy have certainly lost an opportunity. But have Italians lost something too? Findings from economic and political science research on the topic are analysed below, starting with some data.<\/span><\/p>\n

One million naturalisations<\/b><\/h3>\n

According to data from Eurostat (the statistical office of the European Union), in 2022 almost one million foreign citizens residing in an EU country have naturalised, i.e. obtained citizenship of the EU country where they were residing. They are about 2.6% of the almost 38 million foreigners residing in an EU country in 2022. This is a higher number than in the previous 10 years, ranging between 700,000 and 800,000 naturalisations per year.<\/span><\/p>\n

Naturalisations per year in the European Union and Italy (in thousands)<\/b><\/h3>\n
\"\"
Note: the figure shows the number of people who have obtained citizenship in Italy or in another EU country.\u00a0 Source: Eurostat.\u00a0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

In 2022, Italy was the country with the highest number of naturalizations: almost 214,000 foreign citizens obtained Italian citizenship, which is equivalent to 4.3% of foreigners residing in the country that year. It was followed by Spain (182,000 naturalisations), Germany (167,000), France (114,000) and Sweden (92,000). Almost 90% of new EU citizens were previously citizens of a non-EU country. But what are the consequences of naturalisation?<\/span><\/p>\n

Naturalisations in the EU by country in 2022<\/b><\/p>\n

\"\"Political rights and the impact on employment<\/b><\/h3>\n

First, naturalisation grants political rights. The acquisition of citizenship marks a person\u2019s full entry into the political community of the country where they live, of which they become a permanent and full-fledged member. The main and immediate consequence is the attainment of both the right to vote and to stand as a candidate in national elections. Based on the principle of <\/span>ius sanguinis<\/span><\/i>, newly naturalised citizens can also pass on their new citizenship to their descendants. Naturalised citizens also acquire the right to leave and return to the country freely, enjoying international mobility that is often severely restricted for foreign citizens. Obtaining these rights can improve the well-being of immigrants and their sense of belonging to the community in which they live: hence the desire of many of them to naturalise.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

It is less clear whether naturalisation can also have positive effects on the socio-economic integration of new citizens, i.e. if there is an \u201cemployment premium\u201d. The 7th Annual Migration Observatory Report of the Centro Studi Luca d\u2019Agliano and Colleggio Carlo Alberto, published in March 2023, shows that the \u201cnaturalisation premium\u201d within the European Union – the difference in economic outcomes between naturalised and non-naturalised migrants – exists and is substantial.<\/span><\/p>\n

If we focus on migrants who have been in the country of residence for at least ten years, the employment probability of those who have naturalised is 72.5%, four percentage points higher than those who have not naturalised (68%). Among immigrants from another EU country, who already start from higher employment levels (74%), new citizenship raises the employment rate to 78%. The \u201cemployment premium\u201d associated with naturalisation is twice as high for non-EU nationals, increasing from an employment rate of 63% for non-naturalised to 71% for naturalised individuals. Similarly, the employment increase is significantly higher for immigrant women, who start from a more disadvantaged position than men. The differential is in fact more than seven percentage points among women (59% vs. 66.5%), while it is about three percentage points for men (77% vs. 80%). Similar differences and gender gaps between countries of origin are also found in wage levels and in the probability of being employed in skilled occupations.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Probability of employment for immigrants who have been living in the country for at least 10 years (in %)<\/b><\/p>\n

\"\"
Source: Seventh Annual Observatory Migration Report.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Other studies in different contexts have recorded similar results, and these differences raise a question: are the differences between naturalised and non-naturalised migrants caused by naturalisation (which has the effect of improving the economic integration of new citizens) or are immigrants who are already more integrated more likely to naturalise (without citizenship improving their professional status)?<\/span><\/p>\n

Reward or accelerator?<\/b><\/h3>\n

This is not just an academic question but corresponds to a much deeper issue of \u201cpolitical philosophy\u201d, and the answer can have very concrete consequences.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Should obtaining citizenship be a reward for those who have integrated sufficiently into their new country? Or, on the contrary, can it be a way to facilitate and accelerate the integration of those who wish to reside there? For example, because it removes barriers preventing access to certain professions (such as the public sector), because it makes immigrants more easily employable by employers, or because it reduces discrimination they face in the host society?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span>If citizenship is a reward for successful integration, then access should be made as selective as possible, requiring new citizens to have a long period of residence in the country, high language skills and concrete evidence of economic integration, so that only those who are seriously interested and determined to build a future in the new country can become its citizens.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

If, on the other hand, granting citizenship can accelerate integration, the naturalisation process should be widened and simplified as much as possible.<\/span><\/p>\n

Italy seems to have chosen to embrace the first approach. For children of foreign citizens, even if born here, obtaining citizenship is extremely complex, and any political attempt to simplify the process has ground to a halt. Moreover, Italy is also among the European countries that impose the strictest residency requirements: non-EU citizens need ten years of continuous residence in our country to be able to apply. Only Austria, Lithuania, Slovenia, Spain and Switzerland impose such a long minimum period of residence. Germany, for example, has recently lowered the minimum residency from eight to five years, which in some cases can be reduced to three.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Minimum residency for access to naturalisation in 2022<\/b><\/p>\n

\"\"
Source: authors\u2019 elaboration on EUI Global Citizenship Observatory data.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

In addition to the years of residency, several countries add other requirements, such as a minimum language fluency (Italy requires a certification level corresponding to B1 of the Common European Framework of Reference), economic self-sufficiency, no criminal record, or renouncing citizenship of the country of origin. The submission of the citizenship application must be accompanied by the payment of a naturalisation fee, which in Italy amounts to 200 euros but is higher in other countries. Against this background, it is not surprising that only those migrants who are best integrated into the socio-economic fabric of their country of residence acquire citizenship.<\/span><\/p>\n

Establishing therefore whether naturalisation can really have a causal effect on the economic integration of migrants is not easy, as it requires being able to separate the part of the \u201cnaturalisation premium\u201d, due to the selection of the most integrated migrants, from that actually produced by obtaining citizenship.<\/span><\/p>\n

Scientific research findings<\/b><\/h3>\n

Several studies in the economic and political science literature, in different contexts and with different empirical strategies, have shown that obtaining citizenship has a real accelerating effect on integration. For example, until 2003 in some Swiss municipalities naturalisation applications were subject to a popular referendum, and only those that received at least 50 % positive votes were approved. In a 2019 article published in <\/span>Science Advances<\/span><\/i>, researchers compared the integration trajectories in Switzerland of immigrants who barely passed the 50% threshold with those who barely missed it. The two groups had similar characteristics and similar incomes in the years prior to applying for citizenship. The difference is that some became Swiss citizens and others did not. In the years following the vote, the naturalised group\u2019s average wages increased, whereas there was no significant change for the migrants whose application was rejected. The effect is particularly pronounced for migrants in the most marginal sectors of the labour market and most at risk of discrimination on ethnic or religious grounds.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In another study published in the <\/span>Economic Journal<\/span><\/i> in 2018, researchers studied the effect of two reforms of the German citizenship law, which in 1990 and 2000 lowered the residency requirement to fifteen and then eight years, with variations based on the age of arrival in the country. The results show that shortening the minimum residency requirement increases labour market participation and wages for immigrant women, while the consequences for men are more limited. The effects concern mainly women from countries outside the European Union, and especially those from poorer countries.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In our recent work using data on over 100,000 immigrant workers from twenty European countries between 1965 and 2000, we showed that naturalisation significantly increases the probability of employment and the quality of work performed for refugees, a population generally characterised by precarious job placement, while it has smaller average effects for economic migrants.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The results of these analyses, covering different countries and time periods with different research strategies, thus seem to confirm the existence of a causal effect of naturalisation on migrants\u2019 economic integration. The studies also consistently indicate that it is mainly those who are initially in a more fragile and marginal position in the labour market of the countries in which they live that benefit from naturalisation. Conversely, among the most socio-economically integrated segments of the immigrant population, the effects of naturalisation are more limited, if any.<\/span><\/p>\n

The cost of hostility<\/b><\/h3>\n

Naturalisation is therefore not a panacea, but it can have positive effects on integration, especially of the most vulnerable immigrants. It is unclear what the cost of granting citizenship is for a country, other than the political cost of displeasing those who consider access to the rights associated with citizenship a prerogative reserved for the few. There is, however, a clear cost from restricting access to citizenship and delaying the exercise of this right in terms of a lack of economic integration. While maintaining rules and requirements, speeding up the citizenship process seems to be a virtually cost-free policy for the country that grants it. It avoids the formation of marginalised groups and promotes not only economic, but also political and social integration. It is no coincidence that the English NGO Refugee Action has coined a buzzword to describe the cost generated by hostile immigration policies: <\/span>costility<\/span><\/i> (the cost of hostility).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Is it time to reopen the debate on citizenship reform in our country, perhaps starting with the children of immigrants born in Italy?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Bio<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Francesco Fasani is full professor of economics at the University of Milan. He has lectured in London and Barcelona. He is a consultant on migration issues for major international organisations such as the World Bank and the European Commission.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Tommaso Frattini is full professor of political economy at the University of Milan. He coordinates the Migration Observatory of the Centro Studi Luca d\u2019Agliano and the Collegio Carlo Alberto and is co-director of the Global Migration Information Hub of the Rockwool Foundation Berlin.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Simplifying and speeding up the process for migrants to obtain citizenship in their country of residence promotes not only economic, but also political and social […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7109,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"coauthors":[90,91],"class_list":["post-3158","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-non-categorizzato"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nCitizenship means integration - Rivista Eco<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/citizenship-means-integration\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Citizenship means integration - Rivista Eco\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Simplifying and speeding up the process for migrants to obtain citizenship in their country of residence promotes not only economic, but also political and social […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/citizenship-means-integration\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Rivista Eco\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-06-26T16:29:21+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/06\/Fasani_1-1-1024x418.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Francesco Fasani, Tommaso Frattini\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Francesco Fasani, Tommaso Frattini\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"12 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/en\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/26\\\/citizenship-means-integration\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/en\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/26\\\/citizenship-means-integration\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Francesco Fasani\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/9781bd832f28204177b74763d1458123\"},\"headline\":\"Citizenship means integration\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-06-26T16:29:21+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/en\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/26\\\/citizenship-means-integration\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1925,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/en\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/26\\\/citizenship-means-integration\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/2\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/Fasani_1-1-1024x418.png\",\"articleSection\":[\"Non categorizzato\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/en\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/26\\\/citizenship-means-integration\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/en\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/26\\\/citizenship-means-integration\\\/\",\"name\":\"Citizenship means integration - Rivista Eco\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/en\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/26\\\/citizenship-means-integration\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/en\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/26\\\/citizenship-means-integration\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/2\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/Fasani_1-1-1024x418.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-06-26T16:29:21+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/9781bd832f28204177b74763d1458123\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/en\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/26\\\/citizenship-means-integration\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/en\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/26\\\/citizenship-means-integration\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/en\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/26\\\/citizenship-means-integration\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/2\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/Fasani_1-1-1024x418.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/2\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/Fasani_1-1-1024x418.png\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/en\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/26\\\/citizenship-means-integration\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/en\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Citizenship means integration\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"Rivista Eco\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/9781bd832f28204177b74763d1458123\",\"name\":\"Francesco Fasani\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/bec9167a56d7f74587ba648607829c2ac027b5e2ad98caeceddc447b2b17d11d?s=96&d=mm&r=gd748d5ddf93729fefea4c1896b43f253\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/bec9167a56d7f74587ba648607829c2ac027b5e2ad98caeceddc447b2b17d11d?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/bec9167a56d7f74587ba648607829c2ac027b5e2ad98caeceddc447b2b17d11d?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Francesco Fasani\"},\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rivistaeco.com\\\/en\\\/author\\\/ffasani\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Citizenship means integration - Rivista Eco","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/citizenship-means-integration\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Citizenship means integration - Rivista Eco","og_description":"Simplifying and speeding up the process for migrants to obtain citizenship in their country of residence promotes not only economic, but also political and social […]","og_url":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/citizenship-means-integration\/","og_site_name":"Rivista Eco","article_published_time":"2024-06-26T16:29:21+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/06\/Fasani_1-1-1024x418.png","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"author":"Francesco Fasani, Tommaso Frattini","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Francesco Fasani, Tommaso Frattini","Est. reading time":"12 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/citizenship-means-integration\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/citizenship-means-integration\/"},"author":{"name":"Francesco Fasani","@id":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/#\/schema\/person\/9781bd832f28204177b74763d1458123"},"headline":"Citizenship means integration","datePublished":"2024-06-26T16:29:21+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/citizenship-means-integration\/"},"wordCount":1925,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/citizenship-means-integration\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/06\/Fasani_1-1-1024x418.png","articleSection":["Non categorizzato"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/citizenship-means-integration\/","url":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/citizenship-means-integration\/","name":"Citizenship means integration - Rivista Eco","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/citizenship-means-integration\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/citizenship-means-integration\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/06\/Fasani_1-1-1024x418.png","datePublished":"2024-06-26T16:29:21+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/#\/schema\/person\/9781bd832f28204177b74763d1458123"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/citizenship-means-integration\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/citizenship-means-integration\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/citizenship-means-integration\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/06\/Fasani_1-1-1024x418.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/06\/Fasani_1-1-1024x418.png"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/06\/26\/citizenship-means-integration\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"http:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Citizenship means integration"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/","name":"Rivista Eco","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/#\/schema\/person\/9781bd832f28204177b74763d1458123","name":"Francesco Fasani","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/bec9167a56d7f74587ba648607829c2ac027b5e2ad98caeceddc447b2b17d11d?s=96&d=mm&r=gd748d5ddf93729fefea4c1896b43f253","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/bec9167a56d7f74587ba648607829c2ac027b5e2ad98caeceddc447b2b17d11d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/bec9167a56d7f74587ba648607829c2ac027b5e2ad98caeceddc447b2b17d11d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Francesco Fasani"},"url":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/author\/ffasani\/"}]}},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3158","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7109"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3158"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3158\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3169,"href":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3158\/revisions\/3169"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3158"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3158"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3158"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=3158"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}