{"id":4015,"date":"2024-09-02T11:33:02","date_gmt":"2024-09-02T09:33:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/?p=4015"},"modified":"2024-09-02T11:33:02","modified_gmt":"2024-09-02T09:33:02","slug":"what-italians-dont-know-about-pensions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/09\/02\/what-italians-dont-know-about-pensions\/","title":{"rendered":"What Italians Don\u2019t Know About Pensions"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pension systems are complex, and ours is even more so due to overlapping, inconsistent laws that create inequalities and injustices. Therefore, it is necessary to inform ourselves about pensions to give everyone the opportunity to face retirement calmly. Having some financial knowledge aids in this process.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

How much do we know about pensions? To try to answer this question, a study by Elisa Castagno, Alessandra Caretta, Elisabetta Giacomel, and Maria Cristina Rossi, presented to the Pension Funds Supervisory Commission in January 2024, utilises data collected by the Committee for the Planning and Coordination of Financial Education Activities (known as the Edufin Committee) as part of the preparation of the Edufin Reports 2022 and 2023. The table shows the questions that were asked to test the pension knowledge of Italians (the correct answers are in yellow).<\/span><\/p>\n

Questions on Pension Knowledge<\/b><\/h3>\n
    \n
  1. Which of the following statements is true:<\/b>\n
      \n
    1. If life expectancy increases, the monthly pension amount decreases.<\/span><\/li>\n
    2. If life expectancy increases, the monthly pension amount increases.<\/span><\/li>\n
    3. The pension amount does not depend on life expectancy.<\/span><\/li>\n
    4. I don\u2019t know.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
    5. According to current legislation, contributions paid to INPS are revalued based on:<\/b>\n
        \n
      1. The growth of the Italian economy.<\/span><\/li>\n
      2. The performance of financial markets.<\/span><\/li>\n
      3. I don\u2019t know.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
      4. In your opinion, to obtain a large capital to supplement your pension, you need to:<\/b>\n
          \n
        1. Start saving as soon as possible, even small amounts.<\/span><\/li>\n
        2. Start saving only after working for at least 10 years.<\/span><\/li>\n
        3. Wait until you are 50 when you will presumably earn more.<\/span><\/li>\n
        4. I don\u2019t know.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
        5. Do you know how the pension of a young newly hired employee will be calculated according to current legislation?<\/b>\n
            \n
          1. Yes, with the contribution system based on all contributions paid during the working period.<\/span><\/li>\n
          2. Yes, with the salary system based on an average of the last salaries received during the working period.<\/span><\/li>\n
          3. Yes, with a mixed system, partly salary-based and partly contribution-based.<\/span><\/li>\n
          4. I don\u2019t know.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
          5. Complementary pension plans are:<\/b>\n
              \n
            1. The mandatory pension system managed by INPS.<\/span><\/li>\n
            2. The pension system managed by professional funds and directed to freelancers.<\/span><\/li>\n
            3. A system of pension schemes designed to collect private savings and provide an additional pension to the mandatory one.<\/span><\/li>\n
            4. I don\u2019t know.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
            5. According to current legislation, the contributions workers pay to INPS today:<\/b>\n
                \n
              1. Are used to pay the pensions of those already retired.<\/span><\/li>\n
              2. Are allocated to workers\u2019 pension accounts and invested in financial markets.<\/span><\/li>\n
              3. Are partly used to pay the pensions of those already retired and partly allocated to workers\u2019 pension accounts and invested in financial markets.<\/span><\/li>\n
              4. I don\u2019t know.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                What Italians Know and Don\u2019t Know About Pensions<\/b><\/h3>\n

                The picture that emerges is varied. 22% of respondents know that the pension check amount decreases if life expectancy at retirement increases. 49% know that the pension for the “youngest” is calculated with the contribution system, i.e., based on all contributions paid during the working life. 42% know that contributions paid to the National Social Security Institute are revalued at a rate dependent on the growth of the Italian economy. 72% know that the law of compound interest also works in favour of pensions (the sooner you start saving, even a little, the better). 41% know that contributions are used to pay the pensions of those already retired.<\/span><\/p>\n

                There is much to learn from incorrect answers and those who don\u2019t know: 44% of respondents do not know how contributions are revalued, 32% believe that they are partly invested in financial markets and partly used to pay pensions, and 50% believe that there is no relationship between life expectancy and pension amount. Slightly less than 6% answered all questions correctly. Looking beyond the averages, the usual trends reappear (see the graphs): correct answers are more numerous among men than women, increase with age (at least up to 64 years), and with education (and income). As often happens, it rains on the wet. These numbers prompt some reflections.<\/span><\/p>\n

                Stratification of Laws and Injustices<\/b><\/h3>\n

                The first reflection concerns the causes. Pension legislation is inherently complex, not just in our country. The complexity is well documented by the Gateway to Global Aging Data project, funded by the National Institute on Aging, the US institution that studies aging societies (when will we have a similar institution in Italy?). The project illustrates differences and points of contact in the pension legislation of about fifteen countries, including Italy. Pension systems are relatively young institutions in the long history of humanity. Germany first introduced the old-age pension in 1889. In Italy, excluding the appreciable but limited efforts in some pre-unitary states, a similar tool was adopted thirty years later. Subsequently, the “Brodolini reform” (Law 153\/1969) inaugurated a long pause in legislative action on the subject, ending in the early nineties with the “Amato reform” (Legislative Decree No. 503 of December 30, 1992). Since then, practically all governments, albeit with different intensities and directions, have tackled the issue. Meanwhile, pension rules have stratified, creating inequalities between generations and within the same generation. For example, the latest budget law grants, on an experimental basis for the two-year period 2024-2025, to workers without contributory seniority as of December 31, 1995 (and not yet pensioners), the possibility for those with a degree to reintroduce the mixed system for pension calculation, i.e., a combination of salary and contribution calculation systems. Additionally, the stratification of rules has multiplied the exit channels from the labour market, creating further inequalities (the “Quota” system, characterised by the sum of chronological age and contributory seniority, is another example) and fostering a regulatory volatility that harms the understanding of the subject, which would benefit from stable and lasting rules over time.<\/span><\/p>\n

                Pension Calculation Methods<\/b><\/h3>\n

                Salary-Based (\u201cretributivo\u201d):<\/b> Based on the last salaries received and applies to those with at least eighteen years of accredited contributions as of December 31, 1995.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                Contribution-Based (\u201ccontributivo\u201d):<\/b> Not based on the last salaries or wages received like the salary system but on the contributions actually paid during the working life, revalued and converted into an annuity by a coefficient that increases with the retirement age.<\/span><\/p>\n

                The Savings of the Rich and Poor<\/b><\/h3>\n

                The second reflection concerns the effects. The study by Castagno, Caretta, Giacomel, and Rossi effectively demonstrates that the propensity to save for retirement through complementary pensions is lower among those who know less about the pension system, all other factors being equal, including age, income, and education, which also influence the propensity to save. Of course, there is not only complementary pensions. But what is the composition of the wealth of Italian families? Real estate makes up the bulk (75%) for those in the first half of the wealth distribution, while financial assets, except for deposits (17% of wealth), are minimal: 0.6% in debt securities, 0.2% in listed shares, 0.3% in unlisted shares and other equity, 1.1% in mutual fund units, and 1.7% in life insurance. Conversely, for the wealthiest 10% of the population, financial assets dominate: just under 40% of wealth is invested in debt securities, listed and unlisted shares, mutual fund units, and life insurance, in addition to deposits accounting for 11.5% of wealth. Financial wealth is highly concentrated, and access to a more diversified portfolio of financial assets seems reserved for the richest.<\/span><\/p>\n

                That said, how and how much to save depends on individual circumstances and needs. There is no universally valid rule except to try to prevent one\u2019s spending capacity from falling too much after retirement and to diversify the portfolio as much as possible. Knowing little about pensions does not help plan for the future, but the point is also another: those who know less about pensions are less able to assess the implications of political proposals on the subject. Not knowing how our pension system works is a problem of economic citizenship.<\/span><\/p>\n

                How to Increase Knowledge<\/b><\/h3>\n

                The third reflection concerns remedies. To improve knowledge of our pension system, it is essential to limit legislative frenzy. Interventions lacking organicity are piled up, perhaps made necessary by regulatory gaps left by previous measures. Sure, some of these interventions are experiments, but often what is temporary becomes permanent. The \u201cQuota\u201d system is a glaring example. Introduced for the first time with Law No. 247 of December 24, 2007, instead of the so-called \u201cScalone,\u201d it keeps early retirement alive despite the context making its overcoming necessary.<\/span><\/p>\n

                The uncertainty generated by contradictory measures makes pension planning more complicated. Moreover, it can lead to postponing decisions on how much and how to save for retirement, which should be made promptly. Finally, measures like the \u201cQuotas\u201d are highly misleading because they concern generations of workers close to retirement and thus foster a double belief: on the one hand, that the state will intervene sooner or later, and on the other, that pension issues can be addressed at the last moment. Meanwhile, on May 29, the president of the CNEL, Renato Brunetta, announced the finalisation of a proposal for a pension system reform bill at the beginning of autumn.<\/span><\/p>\n

                Secondly, the educational role of those providing pension benefits, starting with INPS, should be enhanced. The \u201cOrange Envelope\u201d project, launched about ten years ago to provide an estimate of the pension amount, should be given new impetus and its scope extended. Coverage for public sector workers (formerly Inpdap) is still partial and concerns contribution statements, not the pension estimate service.<\/span><\/p>\n

                The digital transition affecting our country\u2019s public administration can therefore be an opportunity. Specifically, the possibility of obtaining pension amount forecasts should be expanded to the entire population insured with INPS (and professional funds). A study should also be conducted on how to quantify and represent the uncertainty surrounding these forecasts. Complementary pension projections, which have a much longer history than mandatory pensions, would also benefit. It would also be an opportunity to initiate the integration between projections for the two types of pensions.<\/span><\/p>\n

                Thirdly, to increase awareness of pension issues, the implications of legislative measures should be made more perceptible. The technical reports accompanying legislative measures are a necessary but inadequate tool for this purpose. For example, the social costs (and their distribution within and between generations) of measures that advance retirement age for a specific generation in terms of increasing current and future public debt should be made clearer.<\/span><\/p>\n

                Fourth, the introduction of pension tracking systems (PTS) should be promoted in Italy, a useful tool to support pension planning and digital access to all relevant information adopted in various European countries. EIOPA, the European insurance and pension fund supervisor, is working on defining principles, good practices, and recommendations to \u201cmake pension matters more digestible as a prerequisite for sound and solid financial decisions.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

                Saving to Meet Life\u2019s Needs<\/b><\/h3>\n

                Why talk about pension information in a column titled \u201cUnderstanding Finance\u201d? The answer lies in the lesson of Franco Modigliani, Nobel laureate in economics in 1985 for his work on family savings and financial markets. In the 1950s, Modigliani proposed the \u201clife-cycle hypothesis\u201d: one saves to meet the needs that arise in different phases of life, particularly to accumulate the resources necessary to sustain consumption after retirement. There is a clear intersection between what we call \u201cpersonal finance\u201d today and individual retirement decisions. Moreover, some data on the financial activities of pension schemes that provide income in the post-retirement phase in exchange for contributions in the pre-retirement phase helps clarify the point. In Italy, pension schemes include negotiated pension funds, open pension funds, individual pension plans (PIP), and pre-existing pension funds. In most cases, they operate on an individual capitalisation basis: contributions accumulate in an individual account along with returns from the financial market investments of contributions, forming the basis for calculating the pension benefit. In OECD countries, the total assets (typically bonds, shares, but also real estate and alternative finance instruments like private equity and venture capital funds) in pension schemes amount to 51 trillion US dollars, with 68% located in the United States. Relative to GDP, pension scheme assets vary from 192% in Denmark to less than 15% in countries like France, Italy, or Spain. Despite great variability among OECD countries, these numbers deliver an unequivocal message: pensions matter for the economy and finance. To understand finance (and the economy), one must therefore understand pensions. And vice versa.<\/span><\/p>\n

                Percentage of Correct Answers by Gender<\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                \"\"<\/span><\/p>\n

                Percentage of Correct Answers by Age<\/b><\/p>\n

                \"\"<\/p>\n

                Percentage of Correct Answers by Education Level<\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                \"\"<\/p>\n

                Source: Elisa Castagno, Alessandra Caretta, Elisabetta Giacomel, and Maria Cristina Rossi based on data from the Edufin Committee.<\/span><\/p>\n

                Bio<\/b><\/em><\/p>\n

                Mario Padula is a full professor of political economy at Ca’ Foscari University of Venice. He has served as President of the Pension Funds Supervisory Commission.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                Pension systems are complex, and ours is even more so due to overlapping, inconsistent laws that create inequalities and injustices. 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