{"id":6010,"date":"2024-12-19T17:53:19","date_gmt":"2024-12-19T16:53:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/?p=6010"},"modified":"2024-12-19T17:53:19","modified_gmt":"2024-12-19T16:53:19","slug":"the-city-of-the-future-is-an-archipelago","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/12\/19\/the-city-of-the-future-is-an-archipelago\/","title":{"rendered":"The City of the Future Is an Archipelago"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Today, Europe faces two interconnected challenges that we tend to view as separate due to cultural and ideological biases: climate change and social polarization. Both are closely tied to the role of cities. Cities should be reimagined according to the model of the &#8220;archipelago city,&#8221; focusing on the revitalization of villages. This concerns not just our present but, above all, our future.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">We have now understood that the two great issues humanity must confront in the coming years\u2014an ecological transition necessary for the survival of our species on Earth, and a determined campaign to reduce the growing inequalities of income, gender, and geographic and social origin that have created immense fractures within human societies\u2014are closely interrelated.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The truth is that it is no longer possible to promote environmental improvement policies, reduce climate change damage, or mitigate its effects on daily life without considering how such actions influence existing social inequalities. Or, more specifically, inequalities in cities.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This is because cities are the places where the two challenges\u2014reducing global warming and overcoming inequalities\u2014intersect. Cities are where the battles of the coming decades will be won or lost.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>The Challenges of Climate Change and Rising Inequality<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The world\u2019s cities, which occupy only 3% of the planet\u2019s land surface, alone produce 75% of the carbon dioxide that drives global warming and its disastrous effects. This figure is expected to grow as cities continue to expand, fueled by mass migrations caused by rural abandonment and the exodus from desertifying areas. By 2050, over 250 million climate refugees are projected.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Without leadership from cities\u2014without coordinated and shared action\u2014there is no hope that global states and nations will meet the climate goals set by the COP21 Paris Agreement in 2015.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, if cities fail to address the pressing challenge of reducing and containing inequalities, any ecological transition policy is destined to fail.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These inequalities revolve around access: access to spaces, goods, and technologies that promise to mitigate the effects of global warming on our lives. But they also concern access to culture, knowledge, and education\u2014the very pathways to social and economic advancement.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Far too often, ecological transition policies focus on designing privileged areas. These are privileged because they are equipped with all the services necessary for daily life, surrounded by greenery, shaded, and free of sweltering asphalt parking lots. They are well-served by amenities reachable on foot, by bicycle, or by convenient public transport. Such areas are privileged because they ensure access to information and data for their residents.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Without cities that address massive and growing economic, cultural, and housing imbalances, we will inevitably lose the great challenge of human survival on our planet.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>The Value of Diversity<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Viewing the world through the lens of inequality (as we propose to do at the major international exhibition opening at the Triennale in Milan in May 2025) means acknowledging the vast divides that separate the wealthiest parts of the world\u2014most responsible for greenhouse gas emissions yet least affected by global warming\u2014from the other parts of the planet, which, despite bearing little responsibility for climate change, suffer its most severe consequences on top of pre-existing poverty.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It also means observing how, within cities, the share of people living in absolute poverty continues to rise, while the share of those enjoying concentrated urban wealth declines.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, it would be a grave mistake to think that viewing the world through inequalities leads to a binary logic, splitting the world into two halves.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">If we try to understand how artificial intelligence will shape our lives, for example, we must ask whether AI is working to help us survive the existential risks caused by our impact on Earth\u2019s water and solar cycles, or, as Yuval Harari\u2019s pessimistic view suggests, if it is instead ensuring its own survival. Building colossal data centers that consume millions of hectares of permeable land and terabytes of energy might (consciously?) nullify every effort toward ecological transition.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Similarly, a binary perspective does not help us understand how gender differences are increasingly becoming choices free from biological determinism and rigid categorizations of predefined sexual spheres for millions of young people today.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Viewing the world through the lens of inequalities means appreciating the vast diversity of culture, faith, lifestyles, and individual preferences that enrich contemporary urban societies. It also means recognizing that the freedom to express choices and trajectories in metropolitan areas is still heavily influenced by socioeconomic and geographic origins, if not by the very place of birth itself.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Beyond the Tyranny of the Present<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Inequalities, differences, diversity, distances, and imbalances are not synonyms but parallel keys to interpreting the contemporary world and, as much as possible, predicting the future of its cities.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In his latest book, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">History for Tomorrow<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Roman Krznaric addresses humanity\u2019s historical amnesia and the growing struggle to escape the &#8220;tyranny of the present,&#8221; fueled by the frenetic pace of contemporary geopolitics and the overwhelming dominance of social media.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Krznaric presents a list of major challenges for the future\u2014from breaking free of fossil fuel dependence to curbing consumerist habits, restoring faith in democracy, and managing genetic revolution advancements. He invites us to search for solutions not in technological innovations alone but also in social innovations from the past millennium.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>A New Way of Living in Cities<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Many of these accelerations, according to Krznaric, stem from two main factors: the emergence of powerful, unexpected social movements that influence public opinion or the pervasive experience of sudden pandemics or viral diseases. For example, discovering that cholera spread through water pipes led London to pioneer the first sewer system, while the Black Death prompted physical changes to protect homes from rats.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is no surprise, then, that the COVID-19 experience\u2014and its lingering impacts on lifestyles\u2014has made it clear that we are likely at the end of the modern city paradigm. This paradigm, built two centuries ago, revolved around centralized hubs of collective life\u2014factories, schools, general markets, train stations, and shopping centers\u2014synchronized to the house-work binary schedule.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The &#8220;15-minute city&#8221; should be viewed as a reference model to ensure equitable distribution of services, both in city centers and on the outskirts. However, this model only partially addresses the broader rebalancing of urban energies that the pandemic and ongoing climate crisis demand of us. After all, today we can sometimes travel many kilometers in just 15 minutes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The model to look toward is that of the &#8220;archipelago city&#8221;: a city composed of self-sufficient urban villages\u2014even in terms of energy\u2014that are interconnected and embraced by a &#8220;common sea&#8221; of green connectivity networks.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">During lockdown, we not only faced a massive complication but also gained the opportunity to rethink weekly spatial-temporal cycles, where people worked more from home and moved less within cities and territories.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The de-synchronization of life schedules for major crowd attractors (schools, public buildings, corporate headquarters) could lead to a radical reform of urban time. Schools could remain open in the afternoon and evening, while offices\u2014which are already evolving\u2014will function less as centralized spaces for individual work and more as places for meeting and exchanging experiences completed individually elsewhere, thanks to digital connectivity. Offices will be used less intensively in space but more extensively over time.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Even the traditional division of time into two days of rest and five days of work is being rethought, as is the division of city life into three major categories: work, residence, and leisure.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>A New Mobility, Cleaner Air<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A second challenge, related to mobility, involves redesigning internal roads within metropolitan islands\u2014the urban villages\u2014to create space for outdoor seating, pedestrians, and bike lanes. Roads on the periphery of these islands and villages could be dedicated to greenery, surface public transport, and private electric or hydrogen-powered vehicles.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This also addresses the quality of the air we breathe in our cities. We must take drastic action against fine particulate matter, which exposes thousands of citizens annually to the devastating effects of lung diseases. This means acting immediately on heating systems\u2014considering heat pumps and innovative thermal exchange systems using sewer networks or data centers\u2014and accelerating the shift to clean-energy-powered private transport.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Additionally, it means intensifying urban reforestation projects. Expanding forests around cities and creating continuous tree-lined systems within them will help clean the air by absorbing particulate matter, shade public areas to prevent excessive heating, reduce urban CO2 emissions, and improve urban biodiversity\u2014thus enhancing public health and quality of life.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Why We Must Return to Villages<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another major opportunity lies in revitalizing the thousands of abandoned villages scattered across the countryside and the slopes of the Alps and Apennines.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is time to launch a large-scale campaign to repopulate the small urban centers of inland areas that once sustained the European landscape\u2014particularly in Italy, France, Germany, and Spain. We must ensure that the understandable desire for a different lifestyle does not repeat the 1980s mistake of dispersing into isolated suburban developments, which disfigured the Italian landscape.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Repopulating historic and rural villages means embracing the density of buildings that foster urban communities while enjoying extraordinary relationships with nature and the landscape. This is not a nostalgic recovery of the rural dimension but a contemporary project of economic investment and demographic growth for forgotten parts of our territory.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This effort is not about encouraging the construction of second homes or promoting temporary forms of tourism. Instead, it calls for a genuine repopulation and reform project that restores the authenticity of rural and historic village lifestyles before focusing on their physical forms.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Such a project can succeed only through a &#8220;reciprocity contract&#8221; with nearby cities, as demonstrated by the French experiment involving Brest and its network of historic villages. Nearby cities must collaborate, not compete, with surrounding rural networks. In Italy, cities owe a vast debt to internal areas and their small settlements\u2014for drinking water, clean air, quality food, and timber for furniture. It is time to repay this debt with a circular economic project that integrates those who move to historic villages\u2014whether farmers, intellectuals, artisans, or entrepreneurs\u2014into metropolitan user bases.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">We must also recognize the extraordinary debt we will owe those who, by returning to live in small centers and villages, take care of high-quality agriculture, forests, lakes, seas, and the still-beautiful landscapes of our country. We do not need new nativity scenes, but active small centers that protect extraordinary territories\u2014territories that could become even more attractive for tourism, increasingly focused on authenticity in the coming years.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">We have entered a new chapter in the history of our cities. The question is whether we are aware of it and whether we can turn this awareness into immediate and far-reaching political action. We desperately need to understand what the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">instant future<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (to borrow a term from philosopher Franco Bolelli) will look like\u2014a future already being built by our actions today.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Stefano Boeri, architect and urban planner, is a professor at Politecnico di Milano. His work spans urban visions to design, with a constant focus on the geopolitical and environmental implications of urban phenomena. As president of Triennale Milano, he is Commissioner of the 24th International Exhibition &#8220;Inequalities.&#8221;<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Today, Europe faces two interconnected challenges that we tend to view as separate due to cultural and ideological biases: climate change and social polarization. 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