{"id":914,"date":"2024-04-17T13:45:25","date_gmt":"2024-04-17T11:45:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/?p=914"},"modified":"2024-05-27T19:46:07","modified_gmt":"2024-05-27T17:46:07","slug":"when-victim-blaming-becomes-an-additional-form-of-violence","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rivistaeco.com\/en\/2024\/04\/17\/when-victim-blaming-becomes-an-additional-form-of-violence\/","title":{"rendered":"When victim-blaming becomes an additional form of violence"},"content":{"rendered":"

One in three women worldwide is a victim of violence, with enormous individual and social costs. This issue is often compounded by social norms of victim-blaming, still prevalent even in several European countries. However, an experimental study conducted in Turkey explains that there are ways out.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Violence against women (VAW) is a pressing global issue with profound psychological, physical, and socio-economic repercussions. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2021), over one in three women worldwide has experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) at some point in their lives. The economic cost of VAW is equally alarming, estimated at 366 billion euros per year in the European Union alone (EIGE, 2021), representing a significant burden on healthcare systems, legal institutions, and social services. These staggering figures stress the pervasive nature of the problem and its far-reaching impact on individuals, families, and communities. Despite concerted efforts to address VAW, victim-blaming attitudes persist, hindering effective social change and perpetuating a culture of silence and impunity.<\/span><\/p>\n

Eurobarometer data reveals prevalent victim-blaming attitudes in specific European regions, influenced by historical and cultural factors (see Figure 1). Surprisingly, conventional socioeconomic indicators, like female labor force participation, fail to fully explain variations in these attitudes, necessitating further investigation.<\/span><\/p>\n

Figure 1: Victim-Blaming Attitudes across Europe<\/b><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Source: Eurobarometer 85.3 (2016). Data for Turkey are from own survey.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Our experimental study in Turkey<\/b><\/h3>\n

Despite global progress in various spheres, victim-blaming attitudes persist as a significant barrier to social change, hindering efforts to combat VAW effectively. Victim-blaming, a phenomenon where individuals assign fault or responsibility to victims, is deeply ingrained in social norms, and often leads to underreporting, societal neglect, and the normalization of violence against women.<\/span><\/p>\n

To better understand the dynamics of victim-blaming norms and their impact on societal attitudes and policy preferences, our survey experimental study (Bermek et al. 2023), conducted in Turkey, sheds new light on these complex issues. This novel study involved a representative sample of 3,600 respondents in Turkey and used innovative methods to explore the mechanisms underlying victim-blaming attitudes and their relationship to policy and behavioral changes regarding IPV.<\/span><\/p>\n

Survey experiments involve randomly dividing participants into different groups and exposing them to varying conditions, all conducted through an online survey where participants are unaware of their group assignment. By systematically changing these conditions and measuring the outcomes, researchers can determine causal relationships between phenomena in the social sciences, similar to experiments in the natural sciences. This is often the case when observational data do not lend themselves to identifying causal relationships.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In our study, participants were split into three groups: (1) one reflected on their own victim-blaming attitudes, (2.1) another <\/span>compared<\/span> their own with their perception of social norms (moral comparisons), and (3) the third did an unrelated activity. We assessed all participants\u2019 victim-blaming attitudes, policy support for gender-based violence prevention, and willingness to donate to a feminist NGO. Afterwards, the second group also received an update about the actual level of victim-blaming in the society (2.2), which we collected through our survey, and answered these questions again.<\/span> This approach allowed us to understand what works best for positive social change.<\/span><\/p>\n

Our study shows varying reactions of attitudes and behaviors to different conditions. While self-induced moral comparisons serve as nudges that influence policy preferences and behavior, correcting misperceptions about prevailing victim-blaming norms is crucial for altering individual and aggregate societal attitudes in the longer-run. In fact, our study finds that most respondents (65%) overestimate the victim-blaming norm in society. Once they receive an update about the actual social norm, individuals\u2019 own victim-blaming attitudes are significantly reduced.<\/span><\/p>\n

We argue that the act of evaluating one\u2019s own victim-blaming attitudes in comparison to their perception of society, as prompted in the second condition, can induce moral dissonance. Moral dissonance refers to the discomfort individuals experience when they realize a misalignment between their personal beliefs and societal norms. In the context of this study, it represents the difference between individuals’ personal victim-blaming attitudes and their perception of societal norms regarding victim-blaming. Our findings indicate that individuals who underwent this exercise were much more likely to support gender-related policies. Additionally, we find that individuals experiencing higher moral dissonance, i.e. a higher perceived gap between themselves and others, tend to increase policy support and donate more to the feminist NGO. Together, these results highlight the psychological mechanism driving individuals to support policy changes and modify their behavior in response to perceived moral discrepancies.<\/span><\/p>\n

S<\/span>ignificant directional asymmetry exists in responses. We find that respondents who overestimated the prevalence of victim-blaming norms in society have reduced their own victim-blaming attitudes, while those who underestimated the norm have expressed more victim-blaming in some statements. Additionally, we observe gender differences in responses. Women who perceive themselves as <\/span>more virtuous<\/span><\/i>, meaning they are less tolerant of victim-blaming norms, are more likely to take action and change their behavior. This finding aligns with the idea that addressing this issue is crucial for their own welfare. However, there is also a notable backlash from women who perceive themselves as more inclined towards victim-blaming, as they tend to donate less. Furthermore, there is a gender-specific effect on women’s propensity to take action as bystanders of an IPV case, with less pronounced effects observed for men.<\/span><\/p>\n

Implications and policy recommendations<\/b><\/h3>\n

Our work shows that effective strategies to combat VAW require a multifaceted approach addressing societal norms, policy frameworks, and individual behaviors. While self-induced moral comparisons serve as nudges that influence policy preferences and behavior, they do not significantly impact victim-blaming attitudes at the aggregate level. However, correcting misperceptions about prevailing victim-blaming norms is able to alter both individual and aggregate societal attitudes.<\/span> Policymakers must navigate various challenges and opportunities highlighted by recent research findings.<\/span><\/p>\n

Short-term interventions should prioritize correcting misperceptions about victim-blaming norms, as this is foundational to altering individual attitudes towards IPV. However, these interventions may not immediately translate into changes in policy preferences or behaviors. Hence, a long-term strategy is essential, emphasizing the importance of both soft nudges such as offering opportunities for simple moral evaluations and hard information dissemination.<\/span><\/p>\n

Policymakers should also consider the directional asymmetry in responses to interventions. While pessimistic individuals may become less tolerant of victim-blaming attitudes with accurate information, optimistic individuals may become more tolerant. Comprehensive interventions addressing both groups are vital for a holistic approach to norm change.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tailored approaches are imperative to address gender-specific differences in responses to interventions. Women, exhibiting higher moral skepticism, may require different strategies to encourage action against victim-blaming norms compared to men. Gender-specific interventions can enhance effectiveness by addressing existing dynamics within different demographic groups.<\/span><\/p>\n

Furthermore, policymakers should be cautious of potential backlash and unintended consequences of interventions. Thoughtful assessment and monitoring of interventions’ impact are critical for designing effective and ethical strategies.<\/span><\/p>\n

At a more practical level, in addition to addressing victim-blaming norms which can be a longer-term endeavour, policymakers should prioritize the creation of support systems for victims, including shelters, legal aid, and counselling services. These resources are essential for empowering survivors and enabling them to break free from abusive situations. Moreover, public education campaigns should be intensified to raise awareness about gender-based violence and challenge entrenched societal attitudes. By promoting gender equality and respect for women’s rights from an early age, these campaigns can contribute to long-term cultural shifts.<\/span><\/p>\n

In conclusion, the research offers insights into the relationship between victim-blaming norms, attitudes, and policy preferences concerning gender-based violence. Recognizing and addressing misperceptions about these norms are pivotal for enacting positive policy change and effectively combating VAW.<\/span><\/p>\n

*Sevinc Bermek, King\u2019s College London, <\/span>Konstantinos Matakos, King\u2019s College London, <\/span>Asli Unan, University of Amsterdam<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

** This article is based on another article appearing on VoxEU.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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